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similarities of ethnocentrism and xenocentrism
This is so, because it is almost impossible to be unbiased while comparing cultures. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. They help people know when to shake hands, where to sit, how to converse, and even when to laugh. Read the full article here. However, indiscriminately embracing everything about a new culture is not always possible. Marias mother kissed Caitlin on both cheeks when she greeted her. (The Greek root word xeno, pronounced ZEE-no, means stranger or foreign guest.) An exchange student who goes home after a semester abroad or a sociologist who returns from the field may find it difficult to associate with the values of their own culture after having experienced what they deem a more upright or nobler way of living. Almost everyone is a little bit ethnocentric. Xenocentrism is the opposite of ethnocentrism, and refers to the belief that another culture is superior to one's own. After two weeks in Spain, Caitlin had developed a bit more compassion and understanding for what those people had gone through. Introductory Sociology by Lumen Learning is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. I disagree." The Dangerous Intersection of Christian Nationalism and Ethnocentrism. North Americans keep more distance and maintain a large personal space. Even something as simple as eating and drinking varies greatly from culture to culture. Outcome: Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology, 240. The way cuisines vary across cultures fascinates many people. Shed stepped out of her comfort zone. North Americans keep more distance and maintain a larger personal space. Even something as simple as eating and drinking varies greatly from culture to culture. Why It Matters: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control, 76. Reading: Recent Economic Conditions in the United States, 211. the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards, and not in comparison to another culture culture shock: an experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life ethnocentrism: the practice of evaluating another culture according to the standards of one's own culture xenocentrism: Sociologists attempting to engage in cultural relativism, then, may struggle to reconcile aspects of their own culture with aspects of a culture they are studying. Outcome: Reality as a Social Construct, 50. Outcome: Demography and Population Growth, 215. Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism Despite how much humans have in common, cultural differences are far more prevalent than cultural universals. And an appreciation for another culture shouldnt preclude individuals from studying it with a critical eye. Hence, no theory is strictly enforced during cultural studies, therefore allowing one to understand another culture without the need to approve or disapprove of it. Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; The tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own traditional, deferred, or adoptive ethnic culture. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Perhaps the greatest challenge for sociologists studying different cultures is the matter of keeping a perspective. Putting It Together: Work and the Economy, 213. Ethnocentrism, as sociologist William Graham Sumner (1906) described the term, involves a belief or attitude that ones own culture is better than all others. Read the full article Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrismhere, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/3-1-what-is-culture, Describe and give examples of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. Some travelers pride themselves on their willingness to try unfamiliar foods, like celebrated food writer Anthony Bourdain, while others return home expressing gratitude for their native cultures fare. A more modern example of cultural imperialism may include the work of international aid agencies who introduce agricultural methods and plant species from developed countries while overlooking indigenous varieties and agricultural approaches that are better suited to a particular region. Reading: Contemporary Issues in Education, 166. Reading: Symbolic Interactionism on Media and Technology, 243. Originally from Indiana, Barger hesitated when invited to join a local snowshoe race. What Caitlin hadnt realized was that people depend not only on spoken words but also on subtle cues like gestures and facial expressions, to communicate. Originally from Indiana, Barger hesitated when invited to join a local snowshoe race. A high level of appreciation for ones own culture can be healthy; a shared sense of community pride, for example, connects people in a society. Reading: Universal Access to Education, 156. They help people know when to shake hands, where to sit, how to converse, and even when to laugh. Putting It Together: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control, 83. Reading: Healthcare in the United States, 176. Xenocentrism then stands in opposition to ethnocentrism, which is the belief that one's own culture or nation is superior to all others; those who show signs of ethnocentrism are said to. After two weeks in Spain, Caitlin had developed a bit more compassion and understanding for what those people had gone through. . Europes colonial expansion, begun in the sixteenth century, was often accompanied by a severe cultural imperialism. Reading: Global Stratification and Inequality, 100. Marias family sat at the table for hours, speaking loudly, gesturing, and arguing about politics, a taboo dinner subject in Caitlins house. What are synonyms for ethnocentricity? (Photo courtesy of OledSidorenko/flickr). Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Social Movements, 231. Sociologists attempting to engage in cultural relativism, then, may struggle to reconcile aspects of their own culture with aspects of a culture that they are studying. For example, while all cultures have language, analysis of particular language structures and conversational etiquette reveal tremendous differences. primarily from the perspective of one's own as being superior. It can also lead to discrimination against people who are different. In sociology, we call thisculture shock. Read the full article here. Anthropologist Kalervo Oberg (1960) is credited with first coining the term culture shock. In his studies, Oberg found that most people found encountering a new culture to be exciting at first. Xenocentrism is the opposite of ethnocentrism, which means to value one's own culture more than the other's culture. During his time with the Inuit tribe, Barger learned to engage in cultural relativism. The way cuisines vary across cultures fascinates many people. However, indiscriminately embracing everything about a new culture is not always possible. In the airport, she heard rapid, musical Spanish being spoken all around her. Almost everyone is a little bit ethnocentric. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. It can take weeks or months to recover from culture shock, and it can take years to fully adjust to living in a new culture. Music and laughter are examples of: http://cnx.org/contents/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d/Introduction_to_Sociology_2e. But the tribal members congratulated him, saying, You really tried! In Bargers own culture, he had learned to value victory. In some Middle Eastern cultures, it is common to stand close to others in conversation. Reading: Introduction to Work and the Economy, 205. Sign up to receive the latest and greatest articles from our site automatically each week (give or take)right to your inbox. Outcome: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, 128. If your professor comes into an early morning class holding a mug of liquid, what do you assume she is drinking? A more modern example of cultural imperialism may include the work of international aid agencies who introduce agricultural methods and plant species from developed countries while overlooking indigenous varieties and agricultural approaches that are better suited to the particular region. 3. Cultural norms accompany even the smallest nonverbal signals (DuBois 1951). Caitlin was half asleep by the time supper was servedat 10 p.m.! These cookies do not store any personal information. Sanai had been forced to flee war-torn Bosnia with her family when she was fifteen. Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification, 103. Outcome: Theoretical Perspectives on Culture and Society, 45. These two viewpoints are essentially distinct but do share a few similarities between them. Sometimes when people attempt to rectify feelings of ethnocentrism and to practice cultural relativism, they swing too far to the other end of the spectrum. belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. For example, Americans tend to say that people from England drive on the wrong side of the road, rather than on the other side. Reading: Types of Formal Organizations, 70. Explanation: Hope its help Shed learned a lot about Spain, but shed also discovered a lot about herself and her own culture. Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. An American visiting Italy might long for a real pizza or complain about the unsafe driving habits of Italians compared to people in the United States. (Photo courtesy of OledSidorenko/flickr). Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Sex, 133. Experiencing new cultures offers an opportunity to practice cultural relativism. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. European colonizers often viewed the people in the lands they colonized as uncultured savages who were in need of European governance, dress, religion, and other cultural practices. Marias family sat at the table for hours, speaking loudly, gesturing, and arguing about politics, a taboo dinner subject in Caitlins house. Reading: Conflict Theory and Deviance, 78. Putting It Together: Race and Ethnicity, 120. It can take weeks or months to recover from culture shock, and it can take years to fully adjust to living in a new culture. During her summer vacation, Caitlin flew from Chicago to Madrid to visit Maria, the exchange student shed befriended the previous semester. Sanai had been forced to flee war-torn Bosnia with her family when she was fifteen. They served wine and toasted their honored guest. (The Greek root word xeno, pronounced ZEE-no, means stranger or foreign guest.) An exchange student who goes home after a semester abroad or a sociologist who returns from the field may find it difficult to associate with the values of their own culture after having experienced what they deem a more upright or nobler way of living. 1. In the airport, she heard rapid, musical Spanish being spoken all around her. 3. Cultural relativismis the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of ones own culture. Ethnocentrism can be so strong that when confronted with all of the differences of a new culture, one may experience disorientation and frustration. ethnocentrism: the practice of evaluating another culture according to the standards of one's own culture material culture: the objects or belongings of a group of people nonmaterial culture: the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society xenocentrism: a belief that another culture is superior to one's own [/hidden-answer] A good example of ethnocentrism is referring to parts of Asia as the Far East. One might question, Far east of where?. Outcome: Theoretical Perspectives on Education, 157. People react to frustration in a new culture, Oberg found, by initially rejecting it and glorifying ones own culture. In January 2011, a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America presented evidence indicating that the hormone oxytocin could regulate and manage instances of ethnocentrism. Caitlin had trouble interpreting her hosts facial expressions, and didnt realize she should make the next toast. Reading: Theories of Self-Development, 61. We've created informative articles that you can come back to again and again when you have questions or want to learn more! Reading: Introduction to Sociological Research, 29. " Ethnocentrism, a term coined by William Graham Sumner, is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of your own ethnic culture and the belief that that is in fact the "right" way to look at the world. Despite how much humans have in common, cultural differences are far more prevalent than cultural universals. Some travelers pride themselves on their willingness to try unfamiliar foods, like celebrated food writer Anthony Bourdain, while others return home expressing gratitude for their native cultures fare. Xenocentrism is the preference for the cultural practices of other cultures and societies which can entail how they live, what they eat, rather than of one's own way of life. Ethnocentrism, as sociologist William Graham Sumner (1906) described the term, involves a belief or attitude that ones own culture is better than all others,and should therefore serve as the standard frame of reference. Exciting as it was, she felt isolated and disconnected. Culture shock may appear because people arent always expecting cultural differences. https://assessments.lumenlearning.com/assessments/996. Culture shock may appear because people arent always expecting cultural differences. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. Reading: The McDonaldization of Society, 71. The present world consists of a variety of unique cultures. Outcome: Sociological Views on Religion, 149. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Outcome: Pop Culture, Subculture, and Cultural Change, 44. He knew hed never hold his own against these experts. Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine, 171. In reality, these travelers are guilty ofcultural imperialism, the deliberate imposition of ones own ostensibly advanced cultural values on another culture. Outcome: Health in the United States and Abroad, 173. . Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Living with these constant adaptive challenges can make people feel incompetent and insecure. Caitlin had trouble interpreting her hosts facial expressions, and didnt realize she should make the next toast. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Urbanization, 220. Reading: Ethnocentrism and Xenocentricism, 39. We relate to others through a shared set of cultural norms, and ordinarily, we take them for granted. Xenocentrism puts others before one's own nation, which means that the health and stability of one's own is thought of as less important. Reading: The Cultural Significance of Health, 170. 1. What issues or events might inform this? Read the full article here. Someone from a country where dog meat is standard fare might find it off-putting to see a dog in a French restaurantnot on the menu, but as a pet and patrons companion. It helps to remember that culture is learned. But as they experience unanticipated differences from their own culture, their excitement gives way to discomfort and doubts about how to behave appropriately in the new situation. That night, Caitlin crawled into a strange bed, wishing she hadnt come. We relate to others through a shared set of cultural norms, and ordinarily, we take them for granted. If your professor comes into an early morning class holding a mug of liquid, what do you assume she is drinking? In January 2011, a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America presented evidence indicating that the hormone oxytocin could regulate and manage instances of ethnocentrism. In the United States, for instance, it is often assumed that European products such as wine and cheese are superior to those produced locally. Do you feel that feelings of ethnocentricity or xenocentricity are more prevalent in U.S. culture? They served wine and toasted their honored guest. Eventually, as people learn more about a culture, they recover from culture shock. Rodney and Elise are U.S. students studying abroad in Italy. That night, Caitlin crawled into a strange bed, wishing she hadnt come. Over the course of his stay, Barger participated in caribou hunts, learned how to take shelter in winter storms, and sometimes went days with little or no food to share among tribal members. But as they experience unanticipated differences from their own culture, their excitement gives way to discomfort and doubts about how to behave appropriately in the new situation. Ethnocentrism is a way of thinking and perceiving the world that centers on one's own cultural or ethnic group. But ethnocentrism can lead to disdain or dislike for other cultures and could cause misunderstanding and conflict. In the United States, its most likely filled with coffee, not Earl Grey tea, a favorite in England, or Yak Butter tea, a staple in Tibet. Why It Matters: Population, Urbanization, and the Environment, 214. Europes colonial expansion, begun in the sixteenth century, was often accompanied by a severe cultural imperialism. Reading: Politics in the United States, 197. To the Inuit people, winning was enjoyable, but their culture valued survival skills essential to their environment: how hard someone tried could mean the difference between life and death. People with the best intentions sometimes travel to a society to help its people, because they see them as uneducated or backwardessentially inferior. This comparison of one's culture to others has a significant impact on how we perceive the people around us and the organizations to which we belong. However, indiscriminately embracing everything about a new culture is not always possible. An American visiting Italy might long for a real pizza or complain about the unsafe driving habits of Italians compared to people in the United States. People react to frustration in a new culture, Oberg found, by initially rejecting it and glorifying ones own culture. Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Economics, 206. An ethnocentric is concerned with how similar others' cultural practices, symbols, and beliefs are to their own. Enter two words to compare and contrast their definitions, origins, and synonyms to better understand how those words are related. Copyright Opinion Front & Buzzle.com, Inc. People with a strong sense of ethnocentrism tend to dislike this sort of change, even where it has many advantages. Book: Introduction to Sociology (Waymaker), { "5.10:_Outcome:_Pop_Culture_Subculture_and_Cultural_Change" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
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