minorities influence majority opinion primarily through

Similar asymmetry but in the opposite direction has been documented in distribution of social burdens (e.g., illnesses, crime), which are heavier on minorities than majorities. The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the U.S. Electorate At what point in time does it become public and sufficiently substantial to change social relations and social structure within a group? Group Process. (2001). Group Processes. eds. The idea of minority influence is now a defining aspect in all conceptualizations of social influence, researched in parallel with majority influence (for reviews, see Prislin and Wood, 2005; Levine and Prislin, 2013). Social influence model: A formal integration of research on majority and minority influence processes. In the beginning, there was a minority. Yet, the informational strategy could be used differently to emphasize common group identity (social acceptance) or quid pro quo (social control) by acceptance-motivated and control-motivated minorities, respectively. There is likely no better contemporary example of the power of minorities to instigate social change than a growing recognition of the urgent need for the humankind to address the cause and impacts of climate change. Social influence, social identity, and ingroup leniency, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. The newly established more inclusive group standard encompasses both minorities and majorities as constitutive elements of the group, representing a gain for the former at no cost for the latter. Minorities who accept rather than challenge the status quo, so long as they themselves are not challenged, are a minority within the minority world. Shared reality: How social verification makes the subjective objective, in Handbook of Motivation and Cognition. Econometrica 47, 263291. This private conversion may cautiously be communicated to others, thus, gradually becoming public. Crano, W. D., and Chen, X. The social impact of majorities and minorities. Also, it has informed efforts to address such important issues as jury deliberations (Nemeth, 1981), minority victimization (Moscovici and Prez, 2007), terrorism (Chen and Kruglanski, 2009), educational reform (Butera et al., 2021), climate change (Bolderdijk and Jans, 2021), and dietary practices (De Groeve and Rosenfeld, 2022). have strong norms about how people should behave. Is there a purpose behind our dreams and nightmares? Several integrative models profitably combine the information processing and social identity approaches, capitalizing on their complementary strengths (Prez and Mugny, 1996; Crano, 2001). Rev. Minority influence research was sparked by Moscovicis observation about the power of active minorities to instigate social change. While standing firm, minorities must also convey a level of open-mindedness in acknowledging others positions to avoid being perceived as rigid (Papastamou and Mugny, 1985). An additional unique 33 empirical studies have been published since then and the end of December 2020, as identified searching the PsycInfo database, manually searching outlets in which earlier studies on minority influence appeared, and cross-reference checking.2 As evident in Figure 1, after a somewhat slow startor, one could say, a delayed impact of Moscovicis ideasthis research saw a steady increase in representation in scientific outlets, reaching its zenith in the 1990s, but gradually declining in the subsequent two decades.3. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 229262. Vol. Vol. Chen, X., and Kruglanski, A. W. (2009). While conformity involves pressure from the majority on an individual, minority influence puts pressure on the majority. 37, 725746. Butera, F., and Levine, J. M. Minorities influence majority opinion primarily through. In contrast, studies of interacting groups tasked with reaching a consensual decision have frequently demonstrated publicly stated, direct changes in opinions toward focal issues of minority advocacy (Paicheler and Flath, 1988; Smith et al., 1996). Prislin, R. (2010). Psychol. What the Majority Minority Shift Really Means for America, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/24/opinion/us-census-majority-minority.html, Joseph Prezioso/Agence France-Presse Getty Images. How the life changes caused by experiencing major events can affect stress levels. Levine, J. M., and Tindale, R. S. (2015). J. Appl. What is it, and how does it work in each case? 28, 640647. New York: Psychology Press. eds. From marginal to mainstream and vice versa: Leaders valuation of diversity while in the minority versus majority. From majority to minority and vice versa: The asymmetrical effects of losing and gaining majority position within a group. Up to 5 incorrect questions that you can provide the reason as to why that answer is, Q#14 getting paid a lot of money to do things that violate ones core values, as compared to, getting no money to violate ones values should, Q#16 if you decide to buy new clothes that fit the latest trend just to blend in with others, you. Soc. Psychol. This phenomenon, known as social cryptomnesia, often occurs when a person held negative views of the minority whose views they adopted. Leffet de cryptomnsie sociale [The social cryptomnesia effect]. A theoretical framework for understanding character judgments of vegan advocates. So a 51 percent pan-minority share is unlikely to yield any new majority status without a new pan-ethnic sense of community. S. Harkins, K. D. Williams, and J. M. Burger (New York: Oxford University Press), 317337. Levine, J. M., and Choi, H.-S. (2010). If you're one of the many people who gets stressed out when it comes to taking exams then we have a few tips for you that will help you to overcome this and really concentrating on achieving good grades. A., and Mugny, G. (1996). Social influence is the perpetual competition that shapes social relations by targeting social attitudes. Minority sources persuasibility increased over time when their targets increasingly favorable reactions turned them into a majority (minority majority). Manage. Hewstone, M., and Martin, R. (2010). Soon to win the White House, Theodore Roosevelt found these developments alarming. Sci. Learn to interpret the hidden meanings behind the themes of your dreams and nightmares. Group conversion versus group expansion as modes of change in majority and minority positions: All losses hurt but only some gains gratify. J. Soc. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 229257. Minority influence theory, in Handbook of Theories in Social Psychology. In contrast, losing social support by virtue of social change (majority minority) should adversely affect a failed majoritys capacity to further advocate their position. Minorities influence majority opinion primarily through How can minorities influence majorities? - LinkedIn Minority influence affects group members differently. eds. 2. eds. Psychol. It encompasses attitudinal reactions (e.g., growing concerns about climate change), behavioral reactions (e.g., growing use of a clean energy), political impact (e.g., Green parties, which exist in most democratic systems, have entered into several coalition governments, taking premierships in some), and structural changes (e.g., laws mandating elimination of climate-damaging emission by a certain date have been passed in several countries).1. 15, 323355. Given the racialized nature of our political parties, it also has electoral consequences. When a minority opinion is introduced, people are more eds. That may be enough to artificially postpone Americas majority minority milestone again and reassure the millions of white Americans who feel threatened by the increasing status and power of todays ethnic minorities. Groups as the minds natural environment, in Evolutionary Social Psychology. Because of the earlier discussed asymmetry in reactions to losses and gains, the presumed intensely negative reactions of the former majorities, but only mildly positive reactions of the former minorities, should render the group weak immediately after experiencing social change via conversion. It has been addressed by restricting a number of factors that presumably shape the dynamics of social influence and employing mathematical simulations to test proposed models. Psychol. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Smith, C. M., and Diven, P. J. Indeed, it is part of the social psychology canon as evident by its coverage in nearly all social psychology textbooks, handbooks (e.g., Nemeth, 2012; Butera et al., 2017), and encyclopedias (e.g., Crano, 2010). Teaching as social influence: empowering teachers to become agents of social change. In a country whose history has been shaped by the boundaries among racial groups, this projected demographic shift is undoubtedly important. Despite notable growth in the non-White eligible voter population, non-Hispanic White voters still made up the large majority (67%) of the U.S. electorate in As a counterbalance to research on the informational value of minority advocacy, several lines of research have emphasized the role of social identity and the resultant normative pressures in determining reactions to minority influence, which reactions expand beyond attitudinal shifts to include group-categorization (e.g., Abrams and Hogg, 1990; David and Turner, 2001) and self-categorization (e.g., Wood et al., 1996). Indeed, the results revealed a significant linear increase in positive reactions toward the group over time. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.388. Erb, H-P., and Bohner, G. (2001). But nevertheless, when you, when, when I look at the literature and when I see what the reasons the possible reasons for the since government maintaining very firm hand on law and order. The Privacy & Cookies eds. Wood, W., Lundgren, S., Ouellette, J. Self-definition, defensive processing, and influence: The normative impact of majority and minority groups. Psychol. eds. eds. The resultant increase, however mild, in positive reactions among minorities and continuing positive reactions among majorities should render the group changed via tolerance stronger than its counterpart changed via conversion (Hypothesis 3, see Agenda item 3). This poses an additional challenge to applying many insights from the prevailing literature on a minority impact toward a social-psychological understanding of social change. Mugny, G., and Prez, J. One of the reasons that minority influence takes hold is because it goes beyond superficial thinking. 21.4: Majority Influence- Conforming To The Group Why do people to conform in groups? Vol. Psychol. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.5, Baumeister, R. F., and Leary, M. R. (1995). Minority Opinion Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc. The former two motives can be satisfied by recruiting converts to the minority position. What explains the effectiveness of these approaches? Since majorities are often unconcerned about what minorities think about them, minority influence is thus rarely based on normative social influence. Acad. J. M. Levine and M. A. Hogg (Sage), 566570. ed. Hence, changes away from the preferred majority position presumably are experienced as losses, with changes away from the minority position presumably experienced as gains. S. Papastamou, A. Gardikiotis, and G. Prodromitis (London: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group), 173197. No group goes extinct or disappears; it just gets absorbed into new ways that people define community and feel belonging. Psychology approaches, theories and studies explained, Access 2,200+ insightful pages of psychology explanations & theories, Insights into the way we think and behave, Body Language & Dream Interpretation guides. As a majority view gained the support of more members, individuals holding an opposite viewpoint were less able to influence the group. 71, 11811193. Although these actions may include members of both minority groups who are typically disadvantaged and members of majority groups who are typically advantaged, it is almost invariably the former who initiate social actions. (1974). Changement dattitude, influence minoritaire et courants sociaux [Attitude change, minority influence and social trends]. Struggle to keep conversations alive? Prislin, R., Crowder, M., and Donnelly, K. (2017). WebQ#28 minorities influence majority opinion primarily through - The correct answer is b.) As we are currently re-evaluating our standards of conduct in light of repeated replication failures, which some label a crisis, it may be an opportune time to re-evaluate the practice of taking publication productivity as a proxy for scientific contribution. The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. The dynamic nature of this process is additionally evident in its competitive nature as minorities and majorities contest each other while advancing their own position. The status quo in these arenas is first broken by the rebellious few. Comparative analyses from multiple lines of research have documented an asymmetry in distribution of tangible benefits (e.g., jobs, wealth) and intangible benefits (e.g., validation, status) favoring majorities over minorities. The effects of majority size on minority influence. Stoking fears of white decline reinforces the myth that this whiteness always included all who now identify with it as if the Irish had never been demonized, as if Italians had never endured discrimination, as if Jews had never been excluded. Around the turn of the 20th century, American leaders began to recognize the accumulating effects of immigration and civil rights. These were created by having a nave participant interact with a number of confederates, each of whom was trained to provide scripted responses during the course of the groups interaction. Political systems, scientific paradigms, religious dogmas, art movements, and fashion styles are all changed by active minorities who successfully challenge the status quo and offer an alternative (Moscovici and Faucheux, 1972; Moscovici, 1976). Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. J. Soc. Yet, even a cursory analysis of real life groups will show that this motive features prominently in social influence exchanges. This might, over time, lead the employees to reconsider their reluctance to change, leading to the majority overcoming a groupthink mentality and gradually changing its opinion. Copyright 2022 Prislin. Minorities effect social change over time, winning a competition in social influence, which is exerted in service of various motives. Their generative power is additionally evident in several edited volumes on minorities as bona fide influence agents (Butera and Levine, 2009; Martin and Hewstone, 2010; Jetten and Hornsey, 2011; Papastamou et al., 2017). Rev. Martin, R., and Hewstone, M. (2008). Psychol. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420130103. Home Research on group-decision making has elucidated the probability of any one faction prevailing as a function of types of decision tasks (Laughlin and Ellis, 1986), and shared cognitions and motivations (Brodbeck et al., 2007; Tindale et al., 2013), especially in the context of jury decision-making (Tindale et al., 2004), and organizational decision-making (De Dreu and West, 2001). d. guilt and shame. (2010). A person subjected to majority influence will try to gain the acceptance of a group by complying with its norms, but may retain their private views contravening those of the majority. In contrast, and in support of hypothesis 3, change via increased tolerance for diversity within a group dramatically increased attachment and loyalty to the group among those former in the minority (minority majority) while preserving attachment and loyalty to the group among those former in the majority (majority minority) (Prislin and Filson, 2009; Shafer and Prislin, 2011) In short, recognizing that minority influence originates from a variety of motives expands the scope of influence strategies and types of social changes to be considered. 74, 14371450. A final observation regarding minority influence is that, after being successfully persuaded by a minority, people tend to forget the origins of their new views. This phenomenon, known as social cryptomnesia, often occurs when a person held negative views of the minority whose views they adopted. The truth is, just as populations in the United States ebb and flow, the salience of racial and ethnic identities emerges and disappears. De Dreu, C. K. W., and West, M. A. (1979). Curr. As nothing stands still, any groups position is only temporary. The effects of social change within a group on membership preferences: to leave or not to leave. (2012). ^Examples of minority-instigated social changes, and the literature as a whole, tend to romanticize minority influence (Hewstone and Martin, 2010). Psychol. (1998). Latan, B., and Wolf, S. (1981). Wed like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Vol. Psychol. Imagine that you work for a local animal shelter and your goal is to increase the number of people who are willing to adopt a dog from the shelter. J. Pers. doi: 10.1037/h0046408. A minority opinion is also termed dissenting Minority influence and political interest groups, in The Social Psychology of Politics. They do so for a variety of reasons, which fuel their influence efforts and shape their influence strategies. Echterhoff, G., and Higgins, T. E. (2017). This change in private opinion prompts a shift in behavior, and a member may promote his or her newly-acquiredview to other members of the group. 5 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Minorities Effect Social Change Over Time, Winning a Competition in Influence Exerted for Various Reasons, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States. Prislin, R., Davenport, C., Xu, Y., Moreno, R., and Honeycutt, N. (2018). Minority dissent and team innovation: the importance of participation in decision making. Prislin, R., and Crano, W. D. (2012). Psychol. But by the time Americas initial majority minority milestone would have been reached, whiteness had been reinterpreted to incorporate the Irish, Italians, Jews and Slavs, such that the milestone was effectively postponed. 2. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. For example, the exhaustively studied informational influence strategy has been limited to message-based appeals whose goal is to change understanding of an issue through evaluation of message content. Soc. Eur. WebMAJORITY If the minority can get a few people to defect to their side, then this will often create a snowball effect in which more and more people will change their opinion. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1095, Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2005a). Charlan Nemeth, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, argues a further difference between minority and majority influence. Appetite 168:105693. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105693, Deutsch, M., and Gerard, H. B. Social Influence and Social Change. Psychol. None of the proposed models, however, has been tested empirically outside of computational simulations. As an illustration of the epistemic value of the time perspective approach to understanding the consequences of successful minority influence, and a test of the above-mentioned Hypothesis 1, consider a longitudinal study that examined reactions of a minority faction within a group who successfully converted a sufficient number of majority members to its position to effectively turn themselves into a new majority and ipso facto, the former majority into a new minority (Prislin and Christensen, 2005b, Study 2). Soc. Regarding the social validation motive, minorities, of course, must have an initial sense of correctness in order to start exerting influence (Prislin and Christensen, 2009). Minority Influence and Social Change: Role & Examples Today, of course, being Irish is a social boundary mostly reduced to the front of Urban Outfitters T-shirts. eds. (2002). 115, 323345. The confidence of a minority can also affect its ability to influence other members. Social influence can take numerous forms. Finally, different motives may call for different types of social change. Those who are non-normative and few originate every social change, seeking to alter the mechanisms within the social structure, including social relations and social organization. Majority influence, for instance, is a normative influence, leading to individuals complying with the norms of the majority. Creative problem solving as a result of majority vs minority influence. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Bolderdijk, J. W., and Jans, L. (2021). Br. Psychol. A. Simpson and D. T. Kendrick (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum), 307343. Rev. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 4. (PDF) Majority and Minority Influence - ResearchGate Research on minority influence, which revitalized the field of social influence, is in need of revitalization itself. Rather, it has focused dominantly on the cognitive processes and attitudinal change in response to a minority advocacy or minority mere presence, and, to a lesser degree, to the role of minority influence in decision-making and task groups.

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