mary queen of scots husbands in order

[123] There were no visible marks of strangulation or violence on the body. [38] Her future sister-in-law, Elisabeth of Valois, became a close friend of whom Mary "retained nostalgic memories in later life". Visitors can still see the small room where this monarch was born. According to most contemporaries, they were close and affectionate with one another even as children. [122] In the early hours of the morning, an explosion devastated Kirk o' Field. The versions of Mary and Elizabeth created by Saoirse Ronan and Margot Robbie may reinforce some of the popular misconceptions surrounding the twin queensincluding the oversimplified notion that they either hated or loved each other, and followed a direct path from friendship to arch rivalrybut they promise to present a thoroughly contemporary twist on an all-too-familiar tale of women bombarded by men who believe they know better. The authenticity of the letters, now known only by copies, continues to be debated. Marys third and final marriage began and ended with controversy. English troops then intervened in the Scottish civil war, consolidating the power of the anti-Marian forces. [205], On 11 August 1586, after being implicated in the Babington Plot, Mary was arrested while out riding and taken to Tixall Hall in Staffordshire. [239] In 1867, her tomb was opened in an attempt to ascertain the resting place of her son, James I of England. Following her brief period as queen of France, the widowed Mary [Francois died in December 1560] returned to Scotland in 1561, aged 18, and ready to take up the burden of personal sovereignty. [192] Norfolk continued to scheme for a marriage with Mary, and Elizabeth imprisoned him in the Tower of London between October 1569 and August 1570. During her childhood, Scotland was governed by regents, first by the heir to the throne, James Hamilton, Earl of Arran, and then by her mother, Mary of Guise. Chastelard was tried for treason and beheaded. [Marys] failures are dictated more by her situation than by her as a ruler, she says, and I think if she had been a man, she would've been able to be much more successful and would never have lost the throne.. Francis II [217] On 1 February 1587, Elizabeth signed the death warrant, and entrusted it to William Davison, a privy councillor. [197] Plots centred on Mary continued. She also offered to join an offensive league against France. [212] She told her triers, "Look to your consciences and remember that the theatre of the whole world is wider than the kingdom of England. Coronation of Mary, Queen of Scots in Stirling Castle . Mary, Queen of Scots marries Prince Francis, the future King Francis II France. [104] Over the next two days, a disillusioned Darnley switched sides and Mary received Moray at Holyrood. Three months after Darnleys death, Mary wed the man whod been accused ofand acquitted of in a legally suspect trialhis murder. Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 - 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart [3] or Mary I of Scotland, [4] was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication in 1567. [220], At Fotheringhay, on the evening of 7 February 1587, Mary was told she was to be executed the next morning. Defeated once and for all, the deposed queen fled to England, expecting her sister queen to offer a warm welcome and perhaps even help her regain the Scottish throne. In 1548, she was betrothed to Francis, the Dauphin of France, and was sent to be brought up in France, where she would be safe from invading English forces during the Rough Wooing. Darnley shared a more recent Stewart lineage with the Hamilton family as a descendant of Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran, a daughter of James II of Scotland. 24 Apr 1558. The brief brush with freedom Guy refers to took place in May 1568, when Mary escaped and rallied supporters for a final battle. It condemned Buchanan's work as an invention,[242] and "emphasized Mary's evil fortunes rather than her evil character". All were said to have been found in a silver-gilt casket just less than one foot (30cm) long and decorated with the monogram of King Francis II. [201] Elizabeth also rejected the association because she did not trust Mary to cease plotting against her during the negotiations. Its unsurprising that the tale of these two queens resonates with audiences some 400 years after the main players lived. Vivacious, beautiful, and clever (according to contemporary accounts), Mary had a promising childhood. [174] Elizabeth, as she had wished, concluded the inquiry with a verdict that nothing was proven against either the confederate lords or Mary. It was reached by two or three steps, and furnished with the block, a cushion for her to kneel on, and three stools for her and the earls of Shrewsbury and Kent, who were there to witness the execution. [168], The casket letters did not appear publicly until the Conference of 1568, although the Scottish privy council had seen them by December 1567. After Francis' death, she married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. But Darnleys decision to help Mary escape infuriated them. Dudley was Sir Henry Sidney's brother-in-law and the English queen's own favourite, whom Elizabeth trusted and thought she could control. GB 638 3492 15, Copyright 2023 Warners Group Publications Plc. Mary married Francois in 1558. Beaton's claim was based on a version of the king's will that his opponents dismissed as a forgery. But the nobles were still not to be trusted. After eighteen and a half years in captivity, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 and was beheaded the following year at Fotheringhay Castle. [218] On 3 February,[219] ten members of the Privy Council of England, having been summoned by Cecil without Elizabeth's knowledge, decided to carry out the sentence at once. "[117] Darnley feared for his safety, and after the baptism of his son at Stirling and shortly before Christmas, he went to Glasgow to stay on his father's estates. A royal residence, a vital stronghold and an iconic structure, Edinburgh Castle is one of the most famous castles in the world. Within two months of the wedding, Mary was pregnant with the future King James VI. For Scotland, she proposed a general amnesty, agreed that James should marry with Elizabeth's knowledge, and accepted that there should be no change in religion. When Moray rushed into the room after hearing her cries for help, she shouted, "Thrust your dagger into the villain!" The arrests caused anger in Scotland, and Arran joined Beaton and became a Catholic. [18] Cardinal Beaton rose to power again and began to push a pro-Catholic pro-French agenda, angering Henry, who wanted to break the Scottish alliance with France. The crown had come to his family through a woman, and would be lost from his family through a woman. Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart, Catholic Queen, Protestant Patriarchy: Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Politics of Gender and Religion, Five Places Where You Can Still Find Gold in the United States, Scientists Taught Pet Parrots to Video Call Each Otherand the Birds Loved It, The True Story of the Koh-i-Noor Diamondand Why the British Won't Give It Back. So she consented to wed Bothwell, hoping that this would finally stabilize the country. 8 Dec 1542. Under the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh, signed by Mary's representatives on 6 July 1560, France and England undertook to withdraw troops from Scotland. The versions of Mary and Elizabeth created by Saoirse Ronan and Margot Robbie may reinforce some of the popular misconceptions surrounding the twin queensincluding the oversimplified notion that they either hated or loved each other, and followed a direct path from friendship to arch rivalrybut they promise to present a thoroughly contemporary twist on an all-too-familiar tale of women bombarded by men who believe they know better. [215] Nevertheless, Elizabeth hesitated to order her execution, even in the face of pressure from the English Parliament to carry out the sentence. [202], In February 1585, William Parry was convicted of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth, without Mary's knowledge, although her agent Thomas Morgan was implicated. Darnley was murdered a few months after they were married, and Mary later married James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. [203] In April, Mary was placed in the stricter custody of Sir Amias Paulet. Despite being married three times, there are relatively few portraits of Mary with her husbands. At the same time, shes quick to point out that the portrayal of Mary and Elizabeth as polar oppositesCatholic versus Protestant, adulterer versus Virgin Queen, beautiful tragic heroine versus smallpox-scarred hagis problematic in and of itself. [152] In Scotland, her supporters fought a civil war against Regent Moray and his successors. Around 8 a.m. on February 8, 1587, the 44-year-old Scottish queen knelt in the great hall of Fotheringhay Castle and thanked the headsman for making an end of all my troubles. Three axe blows later, she was dead, her severed head lofted high as a warning to all who defied Elizabeth Tudor. A post-mortem revealed internal injuries, thought to have been caused by the explosion. "The Husbands of Mary Queen of Scots" https://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/husbands-of-mary-qos/, October 28, 2022, You are here: Home Tudor Relatives The Husbands of Mary Queen of Scots, Copyright 1999-2023 All Rights Reserved.English HistoryOther Sites: Make A Website Hub, The Right to Display Public Domain Images, Author & Reference Information For Students, https://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/husbands-of-mary-qos/, House Of Tudor Genealogy Chart & Family Tree, Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Facts, Portraits & Information, Catherine Howard: Facts, Biography, Portraits & Information, Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Facts, Portraits & Information, Jane Seymour Facts, Biography, Information & Portraits, Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor, Anne Boleyn Facts & Biography Of Information, Katherine Parr Facts, Information, Biography & Portraits, King Henry VIII Facts, Information, Biography & Portraits, Lady Jane Grey Facts, Biography, Information & Portraits, Lady Catherine Grey Facts & Information Biography, Mary Queen of Scots Chronology & Timeline 1542 to 1587, Margaret Tudor Queen of Scotland Facts, Biography & Information, Elizabeth Stafford, Elizabeth Blount & Henry Fitzroy Facts. Even the one significant later addition to the council, Lord Ruthven in December 1563, was another Protestant whom Mary personally disliked. Also, Bothwell showed Mary an agreement the nobles had signed which indicated they were prepared to accept him as their overlord. Unlike her Scottish counterpart, whose position as the only legitimate child of James V cemented her royal status, Elizabeth followed a protracted path to the throne. The marriage of Mary Queen of Scots: 24 April 1558. The early years of her personal rule were marked by pragmatism, tolerance, and moderation. Margaret Tudor, (born November 29, 1489, Londondied October 18, 1541, Methven, Perth, Scotland), wife of King James IV of Scotland, mother of James V, and elder daughter of King Henry VII of England. [240], Assessments of Mary in the 16th century divided between Protestant reformers such as George Buchanan and John Knox, who vilified her mercilessly, and Catholic apologists such as Adam Blackwood, who praised, defended and eulogised her. [8], A popular tale, first recorded by John Knox, states that James, upon hearing on his deathbed that his wife had given birth to a daughter, ruefully exclaimed, "It cam wi' a lass and it will gang wi' a lass! June; Mary of Guise passes away in Scotland December; Mary's husband, Francis, Mary's husband, passes away 1561 Mary returns to Scotland 1562 Northern campaign and visit to Inverness; aged 19 1563 Mary visits Inveraray,Dunure Castle, Dumfries, and Peebles; aged 20 1564 Mary hunts near Blair Atholl, Tayside; aged 21 [171] At least some of Mary's contemporaries who saw the letters had no doubt that they were genuine. Within two months of the wedding, she became pregnant with future King James I. Mary, Queen of Scots was queen of France and Scotland. [221] She spent the last hours of her life in prayer, distributing her belongings to her household, and writing her will and a letter to the King of France. Elizabeth had succeeded in maintaining a Protestant government in Scotland, without either condemning or releasing her fellow sovereign. Barely a month after the marriage, rebel nobles and their forces met Marys troops at Carberry Hill, 8 miles south-east of Edinburgh. Bothwell died a prisoner at DragsholmCastle in Denmark in 1578. Did you know that Mary Queen of Scots had three husbands? [46] Twenty days later, she married the Dauphin at Notre Dame de Paris, and he became king consort of Scotland. Bastardized following the 1536 execution of her mother, Anne Boleyn, she spent her childhood at the mercy of the changing whims of her father, Henry VIII. 9 Sep 1543. In 1561, Mary, Queen of Scots, upset the applecart of the Protestant Reformation. A Brief History of Steamboat Racing in the U.S. Texas-Born Italian Noble Evicted From Her 16th-Century Villa. [250] Mary's courage at her execution helped establish her popular image as the heroic victim in a dramatic tragedy.[251]. [81], In contrast, a French poet at Mary's court, Pierre de Boscosel de Chastelard, was apparently besotted with Mary. Mary would go back to claim her throne in Scotland, leaving Charles Franciss younger brother who was only 10 years old at the time-to inherit his brothers title and position as king. The denouement of Mary and Elizabeths decades-long power struggle is easily recalled by even the most casual of observers: On February 8, 1587, the deposed Scottish queen knelt at an execution block, uttered a string of final prayers, and stretched out her arms to assent to the fall of the headsmans axe. [134] The marriage was tempestuous, and Mary became despondent. [70] Her privy council of 16 men, appointed on 6 September 1561, retained those who already held the offices of state. [130], Between 21 and 23 April 1567, Mary visited her son at Stirling for the last time. Norfolk was executed and the English Parliament introduced a bill barring Mary from the throne, to which Elizabeth refused to give royal assent. Mary was horrified and banished him from Scotland. They traveled from one royal palace to another Fontainebleau to Meudon, or to Chambord or Saint-Germain. [137] The following night, she was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle on an island in the middle of Loch Leven. [109] The ride was later used as evidence by Mary's enemies that the two were lovers, though no suspicions were voiced at the time and Mary had been accompanied by her councillors and guards. [147], Mary apparently expected Elizabeth to help her regain her throne. However, this newfound love turned dark quickly, and Marys initial happiness soon faded. After spending the night at Dundrennan Abbey, she crossed the Solway Firth into England by fishing boat on 16 May. [216], Elizabeth asked Paulet, Mary's final custodian, if he would contrive a clandestine way to "shorten the life" of Mary, which he refused to do on the grounds that he would not make "a shipwreck of my conscience, or leave so great a blot on my poor posterity". [196] To discredit Mary, the casket letters were published in London. He had a violent temper and, despite his differences from Darnley, shared the deceased kings proclivity for power. In the end, Moray returned to Scotland as regent and Mary remained in custody in England. For the list of documents see, for example. Mary's father, James V, King of Scotland died on 14 December 1542 following the Battle of Solway Moss. [138] Between 20 and 23 July, Mary miscarried twins. Both queens were surprisingly fluid in their religious inclinations. [135], Twenty-six Scottish peers, known as the confederate lords, turned against Mary and Bothwell and raised their own army. Queen of Scotland (r. 15421567) and Dowager Queen of France, Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in, Sadler to Henry VIII, 23 March 1543, quoted in, Sadler to Henry VIII, 11 September 1543, quoted in, A dispensation, backdated to 25 May, was granted in Rome on 25 September (, Confession of James Ormiston, one of Bothwell's men, 13 December 1573, quoted (from. [144] Defeated, she fled south. [108] In October 1566, while staying at Jedburgh in the Scottish Borders, Mary made a journey on horseback of at least four hours each way to visit the Earl of Bothwell at Hermitage Castle, where he lay ill from wounds sustained in a skirmish with border reivers. On 24 July 1567, she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son. [45] On 4 April 1558, Mary signed a secret agreement bequeathing Scotland and her claim to England to the French crown if she died without issue. Given her precarious hold on the throne and the subsequent paranoia that plagued her reign, she had little motivation to name a successor who could threaten her own safety. "[13], As Mary was a six-day-old infant when she inherited the throne, Scotland was ruled by regents until she became an adult. At that moment, the auburn tresses in his hand turned out to be a wig and the head fell to the ground, revealing that Mary had very short, grey hair. From the beginning, her life was mired in struggle as she grappled with the demands of the Scottish throne and the deaths of several husbands. Kristen Post Walton outlines a middle ground between these extremes, noting that Marys Catholic faith and gender worked against her throughout her reign. The French fleet sent by Henry II, commanded by Nicolas de Villegagnon, sailed with Mary from Dumbarton on 7 August 1548 and arrived a week or more later at Roscoff or Saint-Pol-de-Lon in Brittany.[33]. [129] A week later, Bothwell managed to convince more than two dozen lords and bishops to sign the Ainslie Tavern Bond, in which they agreed to support his aim to marry the queen. Not only was she a female monarch in an era dominated by men, she was also physically imposing, standing nearly six feet tall. [79] She sent an ambassador, Thomas Randolph, to tell Mary that if she married an English nobleman, Elizabeth would "proceed to the inquisition of her right and title to be our next cousin and heir". The diabolical death of Henry, Lord Darnley It's 450 years on 10 February 2017 that the second husband of Mary Queen of Scots, Henry, Lord Darnley, was murdered smack-bang (literally) in the middle of Edinburgh. Rizzio was dragged from the room and killed. [128] Lennox, Darnley's father, demanded that Bothwell be tried before the Estates of Parliament, to which Mary agreed, but Lennox's request for a delay to gather evidence was denied. [136] Bothwell was given safe passage from the field. [235], Mary's request to be buried in France was refused by Elizabeth. He was jealous of her friendship with her Catholic private secretary, David Rizzio, who was rumoured to be the father of her child. [227] She was blindfolded by Kennedy with a white veil embroidered in gold, knelt down on the cushion in front of the block on which she positioned her head, and stretched out her arms. The nobles who had plotted with Darnley now felt betrayed by him; after all, they had captured the queen and her potential heir, murdered her dear friend, and were in a position to demand anything. [66] The Protestant reformer John Knox preached against Mary, condemning her for hearing Mass, dancing, and dressing too elaborately. [169] Mary had been forced to abdicate and held captive for the better part of a year in Scotland. Margaret was Henry VIII's older sister so Mary was Henry VIII's great-niece. [57] Instead, the Guise brothers sent ambassadors to negotiate a settlement. In 1559, Henry II of France, died at the age of 40. [204] At Christmas, she was moved to a moated manor house at Chartley. [241] After the accession of James I in England, historian William Camden wrote an officially sanctioned biography that drew from original documents. 'Deciphering Mary Stuarts lost letters from 1578-1584', "Stewart, Henry, duke of Albany [Lord Darnley] (1545/61567)", "Deciphering Mary Stuart's Lost Letters to Michel de Castelnau Mauvissire", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&oldid=1152038397, People executed by Tudor England by decapitation, People executed under the Tudors for treason against England, Heads of government who were later imprisoned, Kingdom of Scotland expatriates in France, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 April 2023, at 19:51. It is impossible now to prove either way. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnley's death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567, and the following month, he married Mary. [229] Cecil's nephew, who was present at the execution, reported to his uncle that after her death, "Her lips stirred up and down a quarter of an hour after her head was cut off" and that a small dog owned by the queen emerged from hiding among her skirts[230]though eye-witness Emanuel Tomascon does not include those details in his "exhaustive report". [146] On 18 May, local officials took her into protective custody at Carlisle Castle. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. He was also fond of courtly amusements and thus a nice change from the dour Scottish lords who surrounded her. In February of 1567 they had Darnleys house, Kirk o Field, blown up; Darnleys strangled body was found in the garden. [151] A commission of inquiry, or conference, as it was known, was held in York and later Westminster between October 1568 and January 1569. As Mary donned dual crowns, the new English queen, her cousin Elizabeth Tudor, consolidated power on the other side of the Channel. Today, assessments of Mary Stuart range from historian Jenny Wormalds biting characterization of the queen as a study in failure to John Guys more sympathetic reading, which deems Mary the unluckiest ruler in British history, a glittering and charismatic queen who faced stacked odds from the beginning. [91] Their children, if any, would inherit an even stronger, combined claim. Through his parents, he had claims to both the Scottish and English thrones, and from his marriage in 1565 he was king consort of Scotland. Regent Arran resisted the move, but backed down when Beaton's armed supporters gathered at Linlithgow. Many of her other descendants, including Elizabeth of Bohemia, Prince Rupert of the Rhine and the children of Anne, Queen of Great Britain, were interred in her vault. If you use any of the content on this page in your own work, please use the code below to cite this page as the source of the content. , a Protestant reformer who objected to both queens rule, may have declared it more than a monster in nature that a Woman shall reign and have empire above Man, but the continued resonance of Mary and Elizabeths stories suggests otherwise. Did you know that Mary Queen of Scots had three husbands? [90] Although her advisors had brought the couple together, Elizabeth felt threatened by the marriage because as descendants of her aunt, both Mary and Darnley were claimants to the English throne. Not only were the two absolute rulers in a patriarchal society, but they were also women whose lives, while seemingly inextricable, amounted to more than their either their relationships with men or their rivalry with each other. Many nobles were implicated in the murder of Lord Darnley, most particularly James Hepburn, the Earl of Bothwell. Mary's guardians, fearful for her safety, sent her to Inchmahome Priory for no more than three weeks, and turned to the French for help. On 9 March 1566 Mary was having supper with David Rizzio when her husband burst in. Despite the fact that Mary was also queen of Scotland, she knew little of the land of her birth. [29], King Henry II of France proposed to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young queen to his three-year-old son, the Dauphin Francis. [132] Bothwell and his first wife, Jean Gordon, who was the sister of Lord Huntly, had divorced twelve days previously. Mary was aged just fifteen when she was married to Francis, although the pair had been betrothed ten years earlier. How Mary dealt with this incident sealed her fate. This fear-driven logic even extended to the queens potential offspring: As she once told Marys advisor William Maitland, Princes cannot like their own children. Potential diagnoses include physical exhaustion and mental stress,[112] haemorrhage of a gastric ulcer,[113] and porphyria. But by February 1567, tensions had thawed enough for Mary to name Elizabeth protector of her infant son, the future James VI of Scotland and I of England. [98] Unable to muster sufficient support, Moray left Scotland in October for asylum in England. She was accused of plotting to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and . explains, Marys story is one of murder, sex, pathos, religion and unsuitable lovers. Add in the Scottish queens rivalry with Elizabeth, as well as her untimely end, and she transforms into the archetypal tragic heroine. [34] Janet, Lady Fleming, who was Mary Fleming's mother and James V's half-sister, was appointed governess. The pair exchanged regular correspondence, trading warm sentiments and discussing the possibility of meeting face-to-face. After Francis death, she married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. The only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, Mary was six days old when her father died and she inherited the throne. Instead, Elizabeth placed Maryan anointed monarch over whom she had no real jurisdictionunder de facto house arrest, consigning her to 18 years of imprisonment under what can only be described as legally grey circumstances. [160], The authenticity of the casket letters has been the source of much controversy among historians. By running to England, Mary hoped Elizabeth I would protect her from harm. The letters were never made public to support her imprisonment and forced abdication. Francis and Mary knew each since before they married Mary grew up in the French royal court after her father, King James V of Scotland died when she was only 5 days old. In October, she was put on trial for treason under the Act for the Queen's Safety before a court of 36 noblemen,[209] including Cecil, Shrewsbury, and Walsingham. She was concerned that the killing of a queen set a discreditable precedent and was fearful of the consequences, especially if, in retaliation, Mary's son, James, formed an alliance with the Catholic powers and invaded England. LOVE SCOTLAND'S HISTORY? Meilan Solly is Smithsonian magazine's associate digital editor, history. [95], Mary's marriage to a leading Catholic precipitated Mary's half-brother, the Earl of Moray, to join with other Protestant lords, including Lords Argyll and Glencairn, in open rebellion. [181] Elizabeth considered Mary's designs on the English throne to be a serious threat and so confined her to Shrewsbury's properties, including Tutbury, Sheffield Castle, Sheffield Manor Lodge, Wingfield Manor, and Chatsworth House,[182] all located in the interior of England, halfway between Scotland and London and distant from the sea. Above: Replica of the tomb of Mary, Queen of Scots. [208], Mary was moved to Fotheringhay Castle in a four-day journey ending on 25 September. James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, was a vainglorious, rash and hazardous young man, according to ambassador Nicholas Throckmorton. [149] In mid-July 1568, English authorities moved Mary to Bolton Castle, because it was farther from the Scottish border but not too close to London. John Knox, a Protestant reformer who objected to both queens rule, may have declared it more than a monster in nature that a Woman shall reign and have empire above Man, but the continued resonance of Mary and Elizabeths stories suggests otherwise. Marys blood claim was worrying enough, but acknowledging it by naming her as the heir presumptive would leave Elizabeth vulnerable to coups organized by Englands Catholic faction. She was known as Bloody Mary for her persecution of Protestants in a vain attempt to restore Roman Catholicism in England. Why Mary wed Darnley remains a mystery. [26] In May 1544, the English Earl of Hertford (later Duke of Somerset) raided Edinburgh, and the Scots took Mary to Dunkeld for safety. 7. Think you that I could love my own winding-sheet?. Robbie provides the foil to Ronans Mary, donning a prosthetic nose and clown-like layers of white makeup to resemble a smallpox-scarred Elizabeth. [124][125] Bothwell, Moray, Secretary Maitland, the Earl of Morton and Mary herself were among those who came under suspicion. The frail infant, named Mary Stuart, was the. Not content with his position as king consort, he demanded the Crown Matrimonial, which would have made him a co-sovereign of Scotland with the right to keep the Scottish throne for himself, if he outlived his wife. | [77] Her own attempt to negotiate a marriage to Don Carlos, the mentally unstable heir apparent of King Philip II of Spain, was rebuffed by Philip. [36] At the French court, she was a favourite with everyone, except Henry II's wife Catherine de' Medici. But the two never actually met in person, a fact some historians have drawn on in their critique of the upcoming film, which depicts Mary and Elizabeth conducting a clandestine conversation in a barn. In the summer of 1567, the increasingly unpopular queen was imprisoned and forced to abdicate in favor of her son. [150] Mary's clothes, sent from Loch Leven Castle, arrived on 20 July. Edinburgh Castle. [20] The Earl of Lennox escorted Mary and her mother to Stirling on 27 July 1543 with 3,500 armed men. [194] Elizabeth's principal secretary William Cecil, Lord Burghley, and Sir Francis Walsingham watched Mary carefully with the aid of spies placed in her household.

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