what did southern apologists believe about slavery quizlet

George Fitzhugh, a southern writer of social treatises, was a staunch supporter of slavery, not as a necessary evil but as what he argued was a necessary good, a way to take care of enslaved persons and keep them from being a burden on society. The Confederate Constitution was adopted by the Confederacy in opposition to the Union and the United States Constitution. The North also produced defenders of slavery, including Louis Agassiz, a Harvard professor of zoology and geology. Tolbert County, Maryland Harriet Tubman: Tubman was a fugitive enslaved person. The Confederate version used the word slaves, unlike the U.S. Constitution. Slaveholders were told that they must protect the system of slavery, and doing so would protect their financial interests. Hi there! Although most white Southerners did not own slaves, the majority supported the institution of slavery and benefited indirectly from the slave society. Baptist and Methodist churches had opposed slaveholding members in the early years of the Republic. The secession of the Southern states following Lincolns election led to the American Civil War (186165). Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. The typical great planter of the pre-Civil War South was. Get your fix of JSTOR Dailys best stories in your inbox each Thursday. The agricultural-based plantation economy of Southern colonies like Virginia and the Carolinas required a large labor force, which was met via enslaving people of African descent. Palmer, Benjamin Morgan. 910). were plantation owners directly involved with the slaves? To many Southern ministers, slavery conferred upon slaveholders a sense of responsibility for the souls of their slaves. Disquisition on Government advanced a profoundly anti-democratic argument. . In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. I have seen them rock to and fro under the influence of their feelings, like a wood in a storm. Richmond, VA: Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1911. an organization founded in 1817 to move blacks to Africa, it was a nation founded in 1822 on the West African coast as a haven for former slaves; 15,000 blacks moved there over 40 years. In it, the idea is presented that a country could change governments when the one in power was no longer right for the people. At the other end of the abolitionist spectrum and in between stood such men and women as Theodore Weld, James Gillespie Birney, Gerrit Smith, Theodore Parker, Julia Ward Howe, Lewis Tappan, Salmon P. Chase, and Lydia Maria Child, all of whom represented a variety of stances, all more conciliatory than Garrisons. Hudson, Winthrop S. Religion in America. Does South Dakota State University Have A Medical School? The tariff appeared to open the door for other federal initiatives, including the abolition of slavery. White southerners keen on preserving the institution of slavery bristled at what they perceived to be northern attempts to deprive them of their livelihood. However, the date of retrieval is often important. the belief that people of African descent were mentally and morally inferior, The internal slave trade in the Unites States ran from the, During the nineteenth century, the center of cotton production. JSTOR, the JSTOR logo, and ITHAKA are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. Southern proslavery arguments did NOT include the belief that slavery was. . the north would cut off cotton exports, the British factories would close, mobs would force London to break the blockade, and the South would win; the British began to grow cotton in India, so this did not happen. Slaves worked at their own pace with little supervision during an eight-hour day. This is important because it shows that slaves were always considered property and could not escape to the North. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. The theory of polygenism codified racism, giving the notion of Black inferiority the lofty mantle of science. document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); JSTOR Daily provides context for current events using scholarship found in JSTOR, a digital library of academic journals, books, and other material. I'm also a big believer in lifelong learning- there's always something new to learn! According to Fitzhugh: [I]t is clear the Athenian democracy would not suit a negro nation, nor will the government of mere law suffice for the individual negro. Reprinted in Early American Writing The Life and Letters of Benjamin Morgan Palmer. In the enjoyment of these rights, religion demands he should be protected. Moderates believed that slavery should be phased out gradually, in order to ensure the economy of the Southern states would not collapse. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. yes; the south grew half the world's cotton, it was half of the US' exports, 20% of the population was involved in it, and 20% of the English economy was textile production. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Some prominent proslavery southern politicians, such as William L. Yancey of Alabama and John Slidell of Louisiana, were either raised in the North or northerners by birth. Curiously, while most of them do note that the Bible sanctions slavery, they fail to give definitive proof in the way of specific passages. when did white southern abolitionism begin to fade? 1830s President of Mexico. [CDATA[ James Russell Lowell, whose emotional balance was cited by a biographer as proof that abolitionists need not have been unstable, urged, in contrast to Garrison, that the world must be healed by degrees. Also of importance was the work of free Blacks such as David Walker and Robert Forten and formerly enslaved persons such as Frederick Douglass, who had the clearest of all reasons to work for the cause but who shared some broader humanitarian motives with their white coworkers. I've worked with students of all ages and backgrounds, and I love helping them unlock their full potential. Members of the Southern clergy, who had their own feelings of devotion toward their home states, approved the notion that a well-intentioned South was being morally condemned by a self-righteous and arrogant North. By the beginning of the Civil War, many Southerners saw themselves as morally superior to Northerners; after all, they had never tried to force their way of life onto the North. Frustrated with decades of what they saw as attacks on their morality by the abolitionist movement, many Southerners dug in their heels and became increasingly suspicious of the North. What were financial incentives for slavery in the South (products, share of global market) He would become an insufferable burden to society. The master-slave relationship was frequently compared to a parent-child relationship. 4 (WINTER 2013), pp. Edited by Giles Gunn, SOUTH, THE In which way did the richest plantation families resemble a traditional landed aristocracy? Terms in this set (50) The Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent but must guarantee the gradual end of slavery in Confederate territory. In fact, it was the economics of slavery and political control of that system that was central to the conflict. Southern Presbyterian Leaders. On one side were advocates like Garrison, who called for an immediate end to slavery. It also showed enslavers willingness to unite against the federal government when they believed it acted unjustly against their interests. They were staunch supporters of slavery even though they rarely owned slaves. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. Teaching with Reveal Digitals American Prison Newspapers Collection, attitudes and actions in the antebellum period, Proslavery Christianity After the Emancipation, The River Basin Surveys Preserved American Prehistory, Unmaking a Priest: The Rite of Degradation, Celebrating Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month, The Strange Career of the Lady Possum of the New World, To Get Help for Sick Kids, Mothers Wrote to Washington. Agassiz helped to popularize polygenism, the idea that different human races came from separate origins. In fact, the churches in many communities were biracial; although the slaves and their white masters did not mix with each other socially within the church, both worshipped there together (Boles 1994, p. 46). . A video of the rapper Kanye West discussing slavery is a sad reminder of America's historical amnesia about the brutal realities of that institution. Once again, the status of slavery in the territories became a hot issue. His answer: "[I]t is to conserve and perpetuate the institution of slavery as now existing" (Palmer 1860, p. 6). Slavery is the unconditional servitude of one individual to another. In the years leading up to the Civil War and through the war years, Southern ministers brought this concept into their pulpits, often using extreme language, such as referring to Northerners as "atheists" and "infidels" (Farmer 1999, p. 11). Because they were welcomed into the churches, they felt a sense of belonging that they felt in almost no other sphere of their existence. . Was the Conspiracy That Gripped New York in 1741 Real? In Europe, the first significant efforts to ban human trafficking and abolish forced labor emerged in the 18th century. (April 27, 2023). Recent post: Who Is The Catholic Bishop Of South Dakota? What does this image reveal about the methods of those who advocated polygenism? If political power went to a majority that was hostile to slavery, the Southand the honor of White southernerswould be imperiled. There were three main causes of the civil war including slavery, sectionalism and secession. Watch this video from Heimlers History channel to learn more about some of the main pro-slavery arguments, including the social hierarchy argument, the civilization argument, the economic argument, the racial argument, and the biblical argument. Economists and business leaders did this by pointing out that the agricultural South needed the labor provided by slaves. A lot of Puritans are in the North as well, and they don't condone slavery as much and believe it a sin (manstealing). Can you think of a modern parallel to Fitzhughs argument? . what was expected to happen if war broke out between the north and the south and did it? Sig= gave blacks a sense of purpose and greater self esteem. The role of the church in the Civil War and the events leading up to it was primarily one of moral guidance. Born February 1818? Palmer then swings back to a more practical argument: that the Northand the world beyondneeds to maintain the status quo in the South just as much as the South needs it: "[The] world has grown more and more dependent on [slavery] for sustenance and wealth the enriching commerce has been largely established upon the products of our soil: and the blooms upon southern fields gathered by black hands, have fed the spindles and looms of Manchester and Birmingham not less than of Lawrence and Lowell" (Palmer 1860, pp. On March 3, 1861, the day before President Abraham Lincoln's inauguration, General Winfield Scott proposed four alternatives for dealing with the secession crisis. The threat of an armed revolt alarmed Americans on both sides of the debate over slavery. . 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. ." they founded the American Antislavery Society, along with Wendell Phililps, he ran an abolitionist newspaper in (free) Illinois but was murdered in 1837 after a Missouri pro-slavery group broke into his house and destroyed his equipment, southern abolitionists who grew up on a plantation but thought the idea was wrong; their speeches were successful because of the experience, he was influenced by Charles Grandison Finney and appealed to rural farmers; with help from Arthur and Lewis Tappan, he went to the Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati in 1832; he was expelled for organizing a debate on slavery in 1834 but proceeded to preach antislavery with other Lane Rebels; in 1839, he compiled the propaganda pamphlet American Slavery as It Is, headmaster of the Lane Theological Seminary in the early 1830s, he published the antislavery newspaper The Liberator in Boston beginning in 1831 and proposed ideas as to how to end slavery immediately; on July 4, 1854, he burned a copy of the Constitution. Slaves were told that their masters would protect them, giving them a safe home and access to their own church communities. Slave traders would march them South to sell them to buyers. In the 1840s and 50s, Northerners and Southerners took increasingly adamant stands on the question of permitting or outlawing slavery in new Western territories, a matter with the potential to alter the regional balance of power in the country. The cover of the Saturday, April 23, 1831 edition of The Liberator, a Boston, Massachusetts, abolitionist newspaper. immigrants; it was better to pay someone than to risk losing an investment, not really; they had minimal protection from arbitrary murder or unusually cruel punishments and some states prohibited the sale of children under 10. did authorities enforce laws that benefited slaves? Lincoln's famous "House Divided" speech of 1858 only. 72, No. One of the most prominent Southern Presbyterian preachers of the time, James Henley Thornwell (18121862), pointedly referred to the conflict at hand as being "not merely [between] abolitionists and slaveholdersthey are atheists, socialists, communists, red republicans, jacobins [the radical party in the French Revolution, responsible for the Reign of Terror of 17931794] on the one side, and the friends of order and regulated freedom on the other" (Farmer 1999, p. 11). did many blacks want to move back to Africa? How then can the hand of violence be laid upon it without involving our existence? For decades afterward, veterans and civilian survivors of the war, even those who agreed that slavery was an indefensible system, commemorated the Confederacy's spirited fight for self-determination. Large groups of slaves worked from sunrise to sunset under a white overseer. You cannot download interactives. There was, moreover, growing revulsion at the ruthlessness of slave hunters under the Fugitive Slave Law (1850), and the far-reaching emotional response to Harriet Beecher Stowes antislavery novel Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) further strengthened the abolitionist cause. what was the American Colonization Society? The leader of the 1831 slave uprising in Southampton County, Virginia, was. I may say with truth, that in few countries so much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Southerners, in contrast, were quiet, gentle, thoughtful, and given on occasion to "flights of genius" (p. 406). The pursuit of happiness is often considered an ideal, but it may be possible to have too muchor the wrong kindof a good thing. he published Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829, she fought for black emancipation and women's rights in New York, he advocated the idea of mass recolonization of Africa, he escaped slavery in 1838 and gave a speech at an 1841 Massachusetts antislavery meeting; he gave lectures and published his autobiography in 1845, a political party founded in 1840 with support from political abolitionists. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Agassizs notion gained widespread popularity in the 1850s with the 1854 publication of George Gliddon and Josiah Notts Types of Mankind and other books. Those who attended churches where the slaves of several families were active had a chance as well to meet others in their unique predicament; they could have relatively normal conversations without feeling constrained by the yoke they usually wore (Boles 1994, p. 55). Be it good or bad, [slavery] has grown up with our society and institutions, and is so interwoven with them that to destroy it would be to destroy us as a people. one quarter of white southerners owned slaves. . Why did many yeoman farmers feel resentment toward rich planters, yet still support the institution of slavery? The Confederate States Army, also called the Confederate Army or the Southern Army, was the military land force of the Confederate States of America (commonly referred to as the Confederacy) during the American Civil War (18611865), fighting against the United States forces in order to uphold the institution of. JSTOR is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students. One article banned any Confederate state from making slavery illegal. Instead, Calhoun insisted, slavery was a "positive good.". . In the South, however, clergy were confronted with trying to defend slavery. The push to abolish slavery in the United States proved more difficult because slavery was driven by domestic rather than colonial enterprises and was the social and economic base of the plantations of 11 Southern states. The conflicting elements would burst the Union asunder, powerful as are the links which hold it together. According to this formulation, no single human family origin existed, and Black people made up a race wholly separate from the White race. Such other denominations as the Lutherans, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics were affected by the slavery issue, although they did not have any formal separations until after the secession began (Hudson 1987, p. 193). to enact gradual voluntary emancipation for slaves. he continues. A key issue was states rights. 7879). John C. Calhoun, u201cSlavery as a Positive Good,u201d 1837. . On one side were advocates like Garrison, who called for an immediate end to slavery. Girardeau served as a Confederate chaplain during the war; after the war ended, his former slave congregants, now free men and women, implored him to "come back to preach to them as of old" (White 1911, p. 304). Washington Irving, The Slavery Issue: Western Politics and the Compromise of 1850, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists, Preserving the Institution of Slavery: An Overview. sig= showed the extensive process of the slave trade, and what a valuable resource slaves were. Encyclopedia.com. . concurrent majority:a majority of a separate region (that would otherwise be in the minority of the nation) with the power to veto or disallow legislation put forward by a hostile majority, polygenism:the idea that Black people and White people come from different origins. . Garrisons uncompromising tone infuriated not only Southerners but many Northerners as well and was long treated as though it were typical of abolitionism in general. In his famous thanksgiving sermon in New Orleans in November 1860, the Presbyterian minister Benjamin Morgan Palmer (18181902) stated bluntly, "I throw off the yoke of this union as readily as did our ancestors the yoke of King George III, and for causes immeasurably stronger than those pleaded in their celebrated declaration" (Palmer 1860, p. 14). Abolitionism, meanwhile, was in itself a heterogeneous movement. 1845 portrait by George Alexander Healy, defended states rights, especially the right of the southern states to protect slavery from a hostile northern majority. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); From an anti-abolitionist, pro-slavery cartoon, 1800. Texans were wiped out by Mexican forces. B. The Confederate Constitution made alterations of individual rights easier than under the U.S. Constitution. The principle that a slave was property to be bought and sold. Maintaining slavery, many Southerners believed, was doing the slaves a favor. Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves? His wife, however, had inherited several slaves. To put teeth into the act, Congress passed a law in March 1862 prohibiting the return of slaves. Was slavery the reason for the Civil War? what did white southern apologists believe? If a former slave could not prove he or she had been legally freed, then he or she was likely to be. Boles, John B. His newspaper, The Liberator, lived up to its promise that it would not equivocate in its war against slavery. They argued that the Industrial Revolution had brought about a new type of slaverywage slaveryand that this form of slavery was far worse than the slave labor used on southern plantations. "The Slavery Apologists Abolitionists were a divided group. In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a positive good because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. Rather, they note that the master-slave relationship has existed since the beginning of humanityand, that as long as masters understand their obligation to slaves (including the provision of spiritual sustenance), the system is overall an acceptable one. A second and, to the clergy who espoused it, more compelling argument in favor of slavery is that they believed slaves benefited from the system that controlled their lives. While many members of the Southern clergy (some of whom were men of national distinction) privately had questions about slavery, many others did notand in fact saw slavery as sanctioned by the Bible.

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