how long did the french revolution last

Under the pressure of events, splits appeared within the Montagnard faction, with violent disagreements between radical Hbertists and moderates led by Danton. One suggestion is that after a century of persecution, some French Protestants actively supported an anti-Catholic regime, a resentment fuelled by Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire. Black and coloured generals were effectively in control of large areas of Guadeloupe and Saint-Domingue, including Toussaint Louverture in the north of Saint-Domingue, and Andr Rigaud in the south. Others like Throigne de Mricourt, Pauline Lon and the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women supported the Jacobins, staged demonstrations in the National Assembly and took part in the October 1789 March to Versailles. [76], The massacre badly damaged Lafayette's reputation; the authorities responded by closing radical clubs and newspapers, while their leaders went into exile or hiding, including Marat. [142] The elections of May 1797 resulted in significant gains for the right, with Royalists Jean-Charles Pichegru elected President of the Council of 500, and Barthlemy appointed a Director. The song was written and composed in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, and was originally titled "Chant de guerre pour l'Arme du Rhin". The Paris-based Insurrection of 31 May 2 June 1793 replaced the Girondins who dominated the National Assembly with the Committee of Public Safety, headed by Maximilien Robespierre. In January 1790, the National Guard tried to arrest Marat for denouncing Lafayette and Bailly as 'enemies of the people'. [269][270] These writers were associated with "history from below" as opposed to traditional "history from above" which emphasised conflicts between the monarchy, the nobles, revolutionary political leaders and foreign powers. [117], The Law of 22 Prairial (10 June) denied "enemies of the people" the right to defend themselves. Food shortages arising from a poor 1794 harvest were exacerbated in Northern France by the need to supply the army in Flanders, while the winter was the worst since 1709. The Revolution Controversy was a "pamphlet war" set off by the publication of A Discourse on the Love of Our Country, a speech given by Richard Price to the Revolution Society on 4 November 1789, supporting the French Revolution (as he had the American Revolution), and saying that patriotism actually centers around loving the people and principles of a nation, not its ruling class. However, it was clear power had shifted from his court; he was welcomed as 'Louis XVI, father of the French and king of a free people. These revised symbols were used to instil in the public a new sense of tradition and reverence for the Enlightenment and the Republic.[183]. So, how many revolutions have the French had? When the Gallic War ended (between 58 BCE and 51 BCE), territories located south of the Rhine became Roman provinces. The Kingdom of France was an empire, and the existence of this empire was never questioned by the revolutionaries, who even maintained slavery for a long time. French Revolution, also called Revolution of 1789, revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799 and reached its first climax there in 1789hence the conventional term "Revolution of 1789," denoting the end of the ancien rgime in France and serving also to distinguish that event from the later French revolutions of 1830 and 1848. This resulted in aggressive and opportunistic policies, leading to the War of the Second Coalition in November 1798. Au carrefour des rvolutions: les clbrations de la rvolution anglaise de 1688 en Grande-Bretagne aprs 1789", "The Bicentenary of the Norwegian Constitution", "The Norwegian Constitution: from autocracy to democracy", "Beyond "The Black Jacobins": Haitian Revolutionary Historiography Comes of Age", "French political thought at the accession of Louis XVI", "The French Revolution and the Catholic Church", "Symbols and the world system: national anthems and flags", "Taxation as a Cause of the French Revolution: Setting the Record Straight", "Genocide and the Bicentenary: the French Revolution and the Revenge of the Vendee", "Emigration during the French Revolution: Consequences in the Short and Longue Dure", "The American and French Revolutions Compared: The View from the U.S.S.R.", "Social Conflict and the Grain Supply in Eighteenth-Century France", "The Failure of the Liberal Republic in France, 17951799: The Road to Brumaire", "The "Alien Origins" of the French Revolution: American, Scottish, Genevan, and Dutch Influences", "The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the American Constitutional Development", "Expanding Women's Rural Medical Work in Early Modern Brittany: The Daughters of the Holy Spirit", "How Five Centuries of Educational Philanthropy Disappeared in the French Revolution", "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon", "Macroeconomic features of the French Revolution", "Problems of Law and Order during 1790, the "Peaceful" Year of the French Revolution", "Peasants, Lords, and Leviathan: Winners and Losers from the Abolition of French Feudalism, 17801820", "Rumor and Revolution: The Case of the September Massacres", "Tontines, Public Finance, and Revolution in France and England, 16881789", "The French Revolution and the Politics of Government Finance, 17701815", "The Press and the French Revolution after Two Hundred Years", excerpts and online search from Amazon.com, "Reflections on the Revolution in France", History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Franois Alexandre Frdric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Honor Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Alexandre-Thodore-Victor, comte de Lameth, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Revolution&oldid=1151890001, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Palmer, R.R. [53], When the National Guard arrived later that evening, Lafayette persuaded Louis that the safety of his family required their relocation to Paris. They also demanded vigorous price controls to keep bread the major food of the poor people from becoming too expensive. [37], Even these limited reforms went too far for Marie Antoinette and Louis' younger brother the Comte d'Artois; on their advice, Louis dismissed Necker again as chief minister on 11 July. The French Revolution deeply polarised American politics, and this polarisation led to the creation of the First Party System. [265] Rud states that Alphonse Aulard, in The French Revolution, a Political History, 17891804 (1905), was the first historian to rigorously and critically analyse primary sources in his democratic republican interpretation of the revolution. By 1799, much of its property and institutions had been confiscated and its senior leaders dead or in exile. A chronology of key events in modern French history: 1789 - French Revolution ends rule of monarchy going back to 9th Century; followed by establishment of the First Republic. The process was a long and difficult one, hampered by differences of opinion, growing radicalism and the events of 1789-91. . The French National Convention adopted it as the First Republic's anthem in 1795. Jefferson became president in 1801, but was hostile to Napoleon as a dictator and emperor. Franois Furet argues the intense ideological commitment of the revolutionaries and their utopian goals required the extermination of any opposition. [81], This meant the new constitution was opposed by significant elements inside and outside the Assembly, itself split into three main groups. [131] They were quickly dispersed and the main impact was another round of arrests, while Jacobin prisoners in Lyon were summarily executed. May 12, 1780. The French Revolution As French soldiers returned home from the Seven Years' War, they came home to a nearly bankrupt monarchical regime. [203] One major consequence was the dechristianisation of France, a movement strongly rejected by many devout people; especially for women living in rural areas, the closing of the churches meant a loss of normality. [101] The Girondins made a fatal political error by indicting Marat before the Revolutionary Tribunal for allegedly directing the September massacres; he was quickly acquitted, further isolating the Girondins from the sans-culottes. [228] Cobban argues the Revolution bequeathed to the nation "a ruling class of landowners. Although those numbers have been challenged, Franois Furet concluded it "not only revealed massacre and destruction on an unprecedented scale, but a zeal so violent that it has bestowed as its legacy much of the region's identity. On 30 September, the Constituent Assembly was dissolved, and the Legislative Assembly convened the next day. [128] The war with Prussia was concluded in favour of France by the Peace of Basel in April 1795, while Spain made peace shortly thereafter. De Lisle was instructed to 'produce a hymn which conveys to the soul of the people the enthusiasm which it (the music) suggests. They were tolerated by officials because they had widespread support and were a link between elite male physicians and distrustful peasants who needed help. In December 1791, Louis made a speech in the Assembly giving foreign powers a month to disband the migrs or face war, which was greeted with enthusiasm by supporters and suspicion from opponents. [147] On 9 November 1799, the Coup of 18 Brumaire replaced the five Directors with the French Consulate, which consisted of three members, Bonaparte, Sieys, and Roger Ducos; most historians consider this the end point of the French Revolution.[148]. When he refused to give names, the session broke up in confusion. However, France's biggest challenge was servicing the huge public debt inherited from the former regime, which continued to expand due to the war. Overall, the Revolution did not greatly change the French business system, and probably helped freeze in place the horizons of the small business owner. [171], Brissot and his supporters envisaged an eventual abolition of slavery but their immediate concern was securing trade and the support of merchants for the revolutionary wars. On 17 July, Louis visited Paris accompanied by 100 deputies, where he was greeted by Bailly and accepted a tricolore cockade to loud cheers. The extent of the brutal repression that followed has been debated by French historians since the mid-19th century. [96] The next few months were taken up with the trial of Citoyen Louis Capet, formerly Louis XVI. While exploiting popular anti-Austrianism, it reflected a genuine belief in exporting the values of political liberty and popular sovereignty. The assemblies refused to implement the decree and fighting broke out between the coloured population of Saint-Domingue and white colonists, each side recruiting slaves to their forces. New rulers were sent in by Paris. Despite their propaganda for freedom, revolutionaries never recognized this right, or even the right to autonomy. Washington proclaimed neutrality instead. [274] Furet later argued that a clearer distinction needed to be made between analyses of political events, and of social and economic changes which usually take place over a much longer period than the Jacobin-Marxist school allowed. The Haitian Revolution has often been described as the largest and most successful slave rebellion in the Western Hemisphere. He and Jean-Paul Marat gained increasing support for opposing the criteria for 'active citizens', which had disenfranchised much of the Parisian proletariat. By the mid-nineteenth century, more scholarly histories appeared, written by specialists and based on original documents and a more critical assessment of contemporary accounts. Tallien, in August 1794, to explain the appearance of the regime of terror, said that it presumed a power that was at once "arbitrary", "absolute" and "endless": "The system of terror presupposes not only [] arbitrary and absolute power, but also endless power"[152]. Later that year, ceding to popular pressure, The Spanish supported insurgent slaves, led by Jean-Franois Papillon and Georges Biassou, in the north of Saint-Domingue. The Reign of Terror was the most violent phase of the French Revolution, a year-long period between the summers of 1793 and 1794. Led by the revolutionary Franois-Nol Babeuf, their demands included the implementation of the 1793 Constitution and a more equitable distribution of wealth. [70], On 14 July 1790, celebrations were held throughout France commemorating the fall of the Bastille, with participants swearing an oath of fidelity to 'the nation, the law and the king.' These included exclusion of poorer citizens from the National Guard, limits on use of petitions and posters, and the June 1791 Le Chapelier Law suppressing trade guilds and any form of worker organisation. [41], Alarmed by the prospect of losing control of the capital, Louis appointed the Marquis de Lafayette commander of the National Guard, with Jean-Sylvain Bailly as head of a new administrative structure known as the Commune. In response to protests by the Commune, the Commission warned "if by your incessant rebellions something befalls the representatives of the nation,Paris will be obliterated". After the Convention passed the law in September 1793, the Revolutionary Republican Women demanded vigorous enforcement, but were countered by market women, former servants, and religious women who adamantly opposed price controls (which would drive them out of business) and resented attacks on the aristocracy and on religion. [156] France declared war on Austria in April 1792 and issued the first conscription orders, with recruits serving for twelve months. On the morning of 10 August, a combined force of the Paris National Guard and provincial fdrs attacked the Tuileries Palace, killing many of the Swiss Guards protecting it. The long-term impact on France was profound, shaping politics, society, religion and ideas, and polarising politics for more than a century. [255], Coverage of the Revolution in the then Province of Quebec took place against the background of an ongoing campaign for constitutional reform by Loyalist emigrants from the United States. [34], As separate assemblies meant the Third Estate could always be outvoted by the other two, Sieys sought to combine all three. The upshot was a revolt in 1798, led by Wolfe Tone, that was crushed by Britain. For the next seven years, the hostilities known as the French Revolutionary wars continue between France and various European powers. Deprived of political rights under the Ancien Rgime, the 1791 Constitution classed them as "passive" citizens, leading to demands for social and political equality for women and an end to male domination. [25], In the 1789 elections, the First Estate returned 303 deputies, representing 100,000 Catholic clergy; nearly 10% of French lands were owned directly by individual bishops and monasteries, in addition to tithes paid by peasants. The first writings on the French revolution were near contemporaneous with events and mainly divided along ideological lines. This meant that although wages increased by 22% between 1770 and 1790, food prices rose by 65%,[7] which many blamed on government failure to prevent profiteering. To change the laws, the king called a representative body known as the Estates General in 1788. The French Revolution (French: Rvolution franaise [evlysj fsz]) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. The remaining deputies from the other two Estates were invited to join, but the Assembly made it clear they intended to legislate with or without their support. [191], The role of women in the Revolution has long been a topic of debate. The attempted escape had a profound impact on public opinion; since it was clear Louis had been seeking refuge in Austria, the Assembly now demanded oaths of loyalty to the regime, and began preparing for war, while fear of 'spies and traitors' became pervasive. [11], The problem lay in the assessment and collection of the taxes used to fund government expenditure. Although the power of the monarchists had been destroyed, it opened the way for direct conflict between Barras and his opponents on the left. Led by de Brienne, a former archbishop of Toulouse,[a] the council also refused to approve new taxes, arguing this could only be done by the Estates. [235], Economic historians Dan Bogart, Mauricio Drelichman, Oscar Gelderblom, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal described codified law as the French Revolution's "most significant export." The news brought crowds of protestors into the streets, and soldiers of the elite Gardes Franaises regiment refused to disperse them. Other decrees included equality before the law, opening public office to all, freedom of worship, and cancellation of special privileges held by provinces and towns. [165], In February 1788, the Socit des Amis des Noirs (Society of the Friends of Blacks) was formed in France with the aim of abolishing slavery in the empire.

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