how did they treat syphilis during the civil war

It was difficult to either find a cow or a suitable person with an active pustule that could be harvested to vaccinate others. Paracelsus (1493-1541) derided the use of guaiacum as useless and expensive and instead promoted mercury, metals being one of Paracelsus favoured medicinal treatments for disease. Wounds Doctors would deep cut or scrape off the skin of new patients and introduce the lymph or scab directly into their bloodstream. Guaiacum, a New World tree, was the source of another early treatment for syphilis used in the 16th century. Syphilis Its early history and Treatment until Penicillin - JMVH Elsewhere in the report that contains this map, a chart compared draftees syphilitic status to other factors, some of them seemingly more related than others: social condition (many more single men than married were sufferers); complexion (light was more syphilitic than dark); age (those between 20 and 25 were most at risk); height (incomprehensibly, being between 63 and 67 inches was a slight risk factor); and nativity (South Americans, Spanish, and Mexicans were recorded as most commonly infected). Enslaved people were money. During the American Civil War, vaccination was not easily achievedthough it was highly desirable. The first is the use of the hypodermic Group, a Graham Holdings Company. As a result, thousands died from diseases such as typhoid or dysentery. Edited, with annotations, by Robert McDonnell. The simple answer lies in one of humanitys least favorite topics: venereal diseases. The Federal government even founded a Sanitary Commission to deal with the health problems in army camps. The U.S. government sponsored several public health programs to form "rapid treatment centers" to eradicate the disease. Sir William Osler (1849-1919), a founder of the John Hopkins School of Medicine and pioneer of modern medical and clinical education and later Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford, described the history of the sudden appearance of this new and terrible disease in 16th century Europe : A mysterious epidemic, hitherto unknown, which struck terror into all hearts by the rapidity of its spread, the ravages it made, and the apparent helplessness of the physicians to cure it. [13], By the early 18th century syphilis had ceased to be a virulent epidemic disease and became more of the episodic disease it is today. From about the middle of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century the incidence of syphilis in developed countries declined, except in times of war. During each of the World Wars, the Korean war and the Vietnam War, the incidence of syphilis, and STDs in general, rose sharply but only briefly. After 1943 and with the advent of penicillin and institution of public health measures, its incidence declined again, although in past decades it has slowly increased. [7], In 1905, Fritz Richard Schaudinn, a German zoologist, and Erich Hoffmann, a dermatologist, discovered Spirochaeta pallida (the bacteria was spiral shaped and white under dark ground illumination, now called Treponema pallidum) to be the causative organism of syphilis. In 1906, August Paul von Wassermann, a German bacteriologist and an assistant of Robert Koch, developed a complement fixation serum antibody test for syphilis the Wasserman reaction. That syphilis was present in Europe before Columbus return from Hispaniola was supported by the facts that many literary works and religious edicts referred to syphilis before the Naples siege of 1495, and also that mercury treatment had been used since the 12th century for a diversity of infectious disorders that were probably syphilis. Garrison himself says That sporadic syphilis existed in antiquity and even in prehistoric times is quite within the range of probability. [11], An editorial article in JAMA in 1935 [25] cited Capper (1926) as stating that many historical descriptions of leprosy were in fact syphilis, and that syphilis among the Romans was described by Celsus, Aretaeus and Aetius. The article also cited Butler (1933) as stating that historical evidence of aortic aneurysm being treated by Antyllus, a contemporary of Galen in Romans times, was evidence of the existence at that time of syphilis, and that Celsus accurately described a genital syphilitic chancre. Medical boards admitted many "quacks," with little to no qualification. corresponding research were not directly tied to the Cold War, they still fell under the WebThe Civil War (1861-1865) has long been blamed as the catalyst for the spread of drug addiction in America. As the lists of the maimed grew, both North and South built "general" military hospitals. Paris : J.-B. There were some advances, mainly in the field of military medicine. Then there appear a series of new ulcerations on the genitalia Then the skin becomes covered with scabby pimples or with elevated papules resembling warts. As a result, the incidence of smallpox began to rise in the decades before the Civil War. For bowel complaints, open bowels were treated with a plug of opium. Manuela Beltrn Is a Colombian Hero. Des inoculations syphilitiques :lettres. 2023 It was estimated that 995 of 1000 Union troops eventually contracted chronic diarrhea or dysentery; their Confederate counterparts suffered similarly. This feat is accredited to Edward Jenner, an English scientist who demonstrated that infecting people with the less threatening cowpox disease would result in immunity to smallpox. [27] In 2008 Harper et al published a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of 26 geographically disparate strains of pathogenic Treponema, which found that the venereal syphilis strains originated recently and were more closely related to yaws strains from South America than to other non-venereal strains, further supporting the hypothesis that syphilis, or a progenitor of the bacteria, came from the New World. The origin of syphilis is still a topic of debate and research, believed by physicians and scholars up until early last century to have been brought to the Old World from America by Christopher Columbus. In recent times, archaeologists and palaeontologists had found possible evidence it existed in the Old World before Columbus . As you recall, there is an unfortunate similarity between smallpox and syphilis. The anesthetic was applied to a cloth held over the patient's mouth and nose and was withdrawn after the patient was unconscious. Thinking they could be immune to the terrifying smallpox, many Civil War soldiers accidentally infected themselves with syphilis. The Vault isSlates history blog. [7, 20]. [18] Arsenic however, while being able to cure syphilis whereas mercury wasnt, had many drawbacks administration of treatment was complex requiring many injections over a long period of time, and it also produced toxic side effects. All contents Except where otherwise noted, this work is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows anyone to share and adapt our material as long as proper attribution is given. The Government undertook, of course, to provide all that was necessary for the soldier . Bullets fly, the cold creeps in, and your body is so malnourished thatyou can barely walk. Part 1 Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague. Fracastoro is credited with naming the disease in his 1530 poem, Syphilis.. Verses from the poem where Fracastoro refers to naming the disease after Syphilus are : A shepherd once (distrust not ancient fame) For scurvy, doctors prescribed green vegetables. On the Experiments of Dr. Casimiro Sperino, of Turin, on the Subject of Syphilization. It told the story of a mixed-race boy born near Naples during the war, one of the many figli della guerra (war children) who were a most often unwanted living legacy of the bloody conflict 1. Closed bowels were treated with the infamous "blue mass" a mixture of mercury and chalk. One witness described surgery as such: "Tables about breast high had been erected upon which the screaming victims were having legs and arms cut off. It was also known as 606 because it was the 606th compound Hata and Ehrlich tested. Left untreated, the disease could cripple a person, with symptoms including rashes and chancres, fevers, headaches, fatigue, paralysis, blindness, and dementia. [24], Critics of recent palaeopathological studies have pointed out the difficulties in distinguishing syphilis from other diseases that had similar symptoms and left similar bone scars such as leprosy, osteomyelitis, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, and histiocytosis [31, 32] In 2005 Bruce M. Rothschild published a review of the historical and palaeopathological record of syphilis. Rothschild found that the pathological osseotype features of syphilis were absent in human specimens from re-Columbian Europe, Africa and Asia. However specimens with evidence of treponeal disease were identified from North America dating back some 8,000 years. Bruce Rothschild as co-author with Christine Rothschild in their review study in 2000 found that somewhere between 2000 and 1800 years ago the first identified osseotype evidence of syphilis occurred in North America and it appeared that syphilis had transmutated from yaws. Mary Livermore, a nurse, wrote that "The object of the Sanitary Commission was to do what the Government could not. Was syphilis introduced from the New World into the Old World by Christopher Columbus in 1493 ? The methods of the commission were so elastic, and so arranged to meet every emergency, that it was able to make provision for any need, seeking always to supplement, and never to supplant, the Government." Many unqualified recruits entered the Army and diseases cruelly weeded out those who should have been excluded by physical exams. [11] In 1893 Jean-Alfred Fournier, a French dermatologist who worked as an understudy to Ricord, published a work on the treatment of the disease but cautioned there was no cure. Anesthesia's first recorded use was in 1846 and was commonly in use during the Civil War. Up until the early 20th century the most popular theory on the origin of syphilis was that it was a new disease, contracted by Columbus men in the New World and introduced to the Old World after their return to Spain on 15th March of 1493. An alternative theory was put forward in 1934 by Richmond Cranston Holcomb that syphilis had already existed in the Old World before Columbus time, and in the latter part of last century palaeopathologists found possible evidence that this may have been so. A recent analysis of the evidence however by Kristin N. Harper, George J. Armelagos and other US anthropologists in 2011 has swung back to the Columbian hypothesis of the origin of syphilis. Yet, for the most part, the Civil War doctor (as understaffed, underqualified, and under-supplied as he was) did the best he could, muddling through the so-called "medical middle ages." After the virus took hold, the lesions from the newly vaccinated could be used to infect more children and more soldiers, in a never-ending cycle of purposefully transmitting festering body fluids from one person to the next. [7, 11, 12], In 1906 Paul Ehrlich, a German histological chemist at the Robert Koch Institute who later in his life founded the sciences of chemotherapy and immunology. Baillire, 1849. Association for Promoting the Extension of the Contagious Diseases Act, 1866, to the Civil Population of the United Kingdom. Medicine made significant gains during the course of the war. In August 1495 the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I proclaimed that nothing like this disease had been seen before and that it was punishment from God for blasphemy. By 1500 syphilis had reached the Scandinavian countries, Britain, Hungary, Greece, Poland and Russia. It was a time of world exploration and Europeans took the disease to Calcutta in 1498, and by 1520 it had reached Africa, the near East, China, Japan and Oceania. The Columbian hypothesis that syphilis was brought to Europe from America in 1492 was reaffirmed in the 1950s and 1960s by a number of historians and physicians such as Harrison (1959), Dennie (1962), Goff (1967), and Crosby (1969). Doctors operated in pus stained coats. A Treatise of the Venereal Disease: In Six Books: Containing an Account of the Original, Propagation, and Contagion of This Distemper in General: As Also of the Nature, Cause, and Cure of all Venereal Disorders in Particular, Whether Local or Universal: Together with an Abridgment of the Several Discourses, Which Have Been Written Upon This Subject from the First Appearance of the Venereal Disease in Europe to This Time, with Critical Remarks Upon Them. An eye-opening journey through the history, culture, and places of the culinary world. [27] Crosby (1969) and Harrison (1959) state that the two most important historians of the time, Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes and Bartolome de las Casas, were eyewitness to conditions in Hispaniola when Columbus was there and both considered that Columbus brought the disease back from the New World to Europe. [4] In 1861 Jonathan Hutchinson, surgeon to the London Hospital, described the features of congenital syphilis. Romania: Castles, Ruins, and Medieval Villages, Iceland in Summer: Journey Through a Fabled Land, Monster of the Month w/ Colin Dickey: Mokele-Mbembe, Accidental Discoveries: A Celebration of Historical Mistakes, Antiques and Their Afterlives: Stories from the Collection of Ryan and Regina Cohn, Monster of the Month w/ Colin Dickey: Satanists, Once Upon a Time: Fairy Tale Writing With Anca Szilgyi, Gourds Gone Wild: Growing and Crafting Gourds With Gourdlandia, Playing Ancient Games: History & Mythology With John Bucher, Secrets of Tarot Reading: History & Practice With T. Susan Chang, Archaeological Site inside Monastiraki Metro Station. Baxter, Illustrating By Gradation of Color the Prevalence of Syphilis, in Statistics, medical and anthropological, of the Provost-Marshal-Generals Bureau, derived from records of the examination for military service in the armies of the United States during the late war of the rebellion (Washington, DC: US Govt Printing Office, 1875). Alternatively, they would wait for a scab to form and then take it out. Politics, Prostitution, and the Pox in Revolutionary Paris, 17891799.. [7], In 1527, Jacques de Bethencourt in his work New Litany of Penitence, introduced the term Morbus venerus, or venereal disease. Bethencourt rejected the term morbus gallicus, and suggested that since the disease arises from illicit love it should be called the malady of Venus or venereal disease. He also considered it was a new disease not known to the ancients and not appearing in Europe until the end of the 15th century. For every soldier who died in battle, two died of disease. You can read Surgeon Charles Tripler's report on sanitation that is included in this web site for a contemporary view of camp hygiene. An inspector who visited the camps of one Federal Army found that they were, "littered with refuse, food, and other rubbish, sometimes in an offensive state of decomposition; slops deposited in pits within the camp limits or thrown out of broadcast; heaps of manure and offal close to the camp." The following sources were used in writing this page. . The Tuskegee syphilis ("bad blood") experiment was [1]. Syphilis: A map of the disease during the Civil War. The first symptoms of this malady appear almost invariably upon the genital organs, that is, upon the penis or the vulva. They consist of small ulcerated pimples of a colour especially brownish and livid, sometimes black, sometimes slightly pale. These pimples are circumscribed by a ridge of callous like hardness. I In the 1980s palaeopathological studies found possible evidence that supported this hypothesis and that syphilis was an old treponeal disease which in the late 15th century had suddenly evolved to become different and more virulent. Some recent studies however have indicated that this is not the case and it still may be a new epidemic venereal disease introduced by Columbus from America. Most medicines were manufactured in the north; southerners had to run the Union blockade in order to gain access to them. But the human race still emerged from the war with a few potential advances in hand, among them a cure for Until the early 20th century, the primary treatment for syphilis was mercury, in the form of calomel, ointments, steam baths, pills, and other concoctions. [7]. It is probably only coincidental with the Columbus expeditions that the syphilis previously thought of as lepra in Europe flared into virulence at the end of the fifteenth century. [30], Several medical historians over the last century have postulated other reasons for syphilis being a pre-Columbian Old World disease a greater lay and medical recognition of syphilis developed in recent eras, and that syphilis had evolved from other treponeal diseases into a more virulent form due to a combination of social, cultural and environmental changes around the time of Columbus. Arrizabalaga, Jon, Henderson, John and French, Roger. Most Civil War surgeons had never treated a gunshot wound and many had never performed surgery. Englands Contagious Diseases Acts are an example of this. [4, 5], The disease started with genital ulcers, then progressed to a fever, general rash and joint and muscle pains, then weeks or months later were followed by large, painful and foul-smelling abscesses and sores, or pocks, all over the body. Muscles and bones became painful, especially at night. The aim of treatment was to expel the foreign, disease-causing substance from the body, so methods included blood-letting, laxative use, and baths in wine and herbs or olive oil. [9], During the 1520s it became clear to historians and physicians of the time that the disease was contracted and spread by sexual intercourse. In Europe the authorities had become so concerned with the rise in venereal diseases that they attempted to control prostitution and sexual encounters outside marriage. Henry VIII of England (reigned 1509 1547) tried to close down the stews, or brothels, and communal bathhouses of London. In many other places strict regulations were issued for brothels and bathhouses, forcing prostitutes who had disease or infections out of employment, and mixed bathing was prohibited. Because of this, thousands of soldiers were killed by simple infections and diseases we now consider non-threatening orobsolete. Regulated prostitutes were sometimes examined every few days. In fact, diarrhea and dysentery alone claimed more men than did battle wounds. They were usually single storied, of wood construction, and well-ventilated and heated. In brief, the high incidence of disease was caused by a) inadequate physical examination of recruits; b) ignorance; c) the rural origin of my soldiers; d) neglect of camp hygiene; e) insects and vermin; f) exposure; g) lack of clothing and shoes; h) poor food and water. Ehrlich then began experimenting with arsenic compounds in treating syphilis in rabbits. His experiments were not very successful as most of the earlier arsenicals he experimented with were too toxic, but in 1909 he and his assistant Sahachiro Hata, a Japanese bacteriologist, finally found success with the compound dioxy-diamino-arsenobenzol-dihydrochloride which they called drug 606. This led in 1910 to the manufacture of arsphenamine, which subsequently became known as Salvarsan, or the magic bullet, and later in 1912, neoarsphenamine, Neo-salvarsan, or drug 914. In 1908 Ehrlich was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery. By the end of the War, Chimbarazo had 150 wards and was capable of housing a total of 4,500 patients. To search or browse all items digitized for the Contagion exhibit, please use the search bar in the top navigation menu or the "Limit Your Search" options in the left navigation menu (accessible from the exhibit's home page). WebThe Deadly Deception Summary. [12]. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Tractatus de pestilentiali scorra sive male de Franzos, Of the vvood called guaiacum, that healeth the Frenche pockes, Women were often assumed to be the source of infection. Doctors often took over houses, churches, schools, even barns for hospitals. In fact, there are 800,000 recorded cases of its use. Elsewhere in the report that contains this map. Heart Sickness - Condition caused by loss of salt from body [28], A third important scholar of the time who believed in the Columbian origin of syphilis was Ruiz Diaz de Isla, a Barcelona physician, who published in a book in 1539 that Columbus men contracted the disease in Hispaniola in 1492 and that he had observed its rapid spread through Barcelona after Columbus return. De Isla wrote that he had treated the men for the disease but hadnt realised it was the same disease that had been ravaging Europe until many years later. He called it Morbo serpentine, the hideous, dangerous, terrible disease. The sores became ulcers that could eat into bones and destroy the nose, lips and eyes. They often extended into the mouth and throat, and sometimes early death occurred. It appears from descriptions by scholars and from woodcut drawings at the time that the disease was much more severe than the syphilis of today, with a higher and more rapid mortality and was more easily spread , possibly because it was a new disease and the population had no immunity against it. WebCivil war, addiction, opium, morphine, drugs, veterans Historians and politicians often blame two events for mass drug addiction in America. [20, 21], In 1917 Julius Wagner-Jauregg, an Austrian physician, introduced the treatment of neurosyphilis with fever therapy by infecting the patient with malaria, then treating the malaria with quinine. The observation had been made that after a febrile illness the symptoms of neurosyphilis diminished, and the rationale was that it was easier to treat malaria with quinine than the syphilis with mercury or arsenic. Fred A. Kislig and Walter M. Simpson, two American physicians, introduced in 1936 the treatment of electropyrexia, using a short-wave apparatus to induce pyrexia in a patient to treat syphilis and gonorrhoea. [24], There have been three main hypotheses on the origin of syphilis the Columbian hypothesis that Columbus brought syphilis from the New World, the pre-Columbian theory that syphilis had already existed in the Old World and had evolved into a more virulent form around the time of Columbus, and the Unitarian theory that all treponematoses are a single disease with syphilis being an environmentally determined variant where social and environmental conditions in the late 15th century favoured its transmission by sexual intercourse. 1496 Tractatus de pestilentiali scorra sive male de Franzos (also available in the vernacular German, and Ulrich von Huttens ca. [5], Syphilis had a variety of names, usually people naming it after an enemy or a country they thought responsible for it. The French called it the Neapolitan disease, the disease of Naples or the Spanish disease, and later grande verole or grosse verole, the great pox, the English and Italians called it the French disease, the Gallic disease, the morbus Gallicus, or the French pox, the Germans called it the French evil, the Scottish called it the grandgore, the Russians called it the Polish disease, the Polish and the Persians called it the Turkish disease, the Turkish called it the Christian disease, the Tahitians called it the British disease, in India it was called the Portuguese disease, in Japan it was called the Chinese pox, and there are some references to it being called the Persian fire. Perhaps in peace time this would have worked, but not in the middle of a war. WebIn the late spring and summer of 1950 a film called Il Mulatto was shown in the movie theaters of some major Italian cities. . Syphilis was first reported in Europe in 1494 among soldiers (and their camp followers) involved in a war between France and Naples. The largest of these hospitals was Chimbarazo in Richmond, Virginia. Using pocket knives, clothespins, and even rusty nails (again, most people had no concept of germs yet), they would cut themselves to make a deep wound, usually in the arm. I've read that Union soldiers with syphilis were discharged, but my great-grandfather returned to duty, whereupon he transferred to the 22nd NY Cavalry, retaining his high character evaluations from his Artillery superiors. The Strange Tale of SS Warrimoo, the Ship That Existed in Two Centuries at Once, Beltane Is About More Than Fire and Fertility, When the Government Tried to Bust Abbie Hoffman For Publishing Its Own Public Records, Found: Cases of Trench Fever in Ancient Rome, The French Conquest of Algeria Was Sick With Nostalgia, Union Soldiers Buried Their Dead in Robert E. Lees Garden, Tattooing in the Civil War Was a Hedge Against Anonymous Death, The Most Influential Medical Book of the 16th Century, Mysterious and Intricate 17th-Century Anatomical Manikins, Inside the World of an Obsessive Collector of Old Tech, Step Inside a Surreal, Dizzying Italian Fortress, A Glimpse Inside a Synthetic Cadaver Factory, Show & Tell: The Radio Guys Collection of Scary-Looking Headgear, Show & Tell: See a Collection of Dissected Skulls and Medical Marvels, How a Border Village Keeps the Memories of Divided Families Alive, The Many Lives of Oahus Majestic Koko Crater Trail, See the Mysterious Horned Helmet of Henry VIII, There's an Abandoned Futuristic Fort in Portland, Maine, The Chinese Bagel That Helped to Win a War, The Spy Tactic That Almost Destroyed WWII Britain. Up until that time the disease was usually known as the French disease or French pox, the Spanish pox, or just simply, the pox. The Civil War soldier also faced outbreaks of measles, small pox, malaria, pneumonia, or camp itch. What If She Never Existed? [24], Because the Naples syphilis epidemic appeared two years after Columbus returned in 1493 from Hispaniola, the belief that Columbus crew had contacted the disease in the New World arose in the scholarly and medical literature by the early 16th century. It cannot trace causes of outbreaks but does succeed in highlighting the locations that yielded up highly syphilitic male populations (Waukesha, Wis.; Lexington, Ky.; and Boston, among others). . Up until the early 20th century it was believed that syphilis had been brought from America and the New World to the Old World by Christopher Columbus in 1493. In 1934 a new hypothesis was put forward, that syphilis had previously existed in the Old World before Columbus. Citation totals as listed on Google Scholar, Journal of Military and Veterans Health, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1046803/pdf/brjvendis00225-0003.pdf, https://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/vietnam/GenMedVN/default.html, https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/Microbiology/pdfs/venus.pdf, https://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/osler/alabacontents.htm#FRACASTORIUS, https://www.mendeley.com/research/daniel-turner-16671741-syphillis-condum/, https://www.antimicrobe.org/h04c.files/history/Neisser.asp, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1053920/pdf/brjvendis00151-0005.pdf, https://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/summary/10/4/414, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1527687/pdf/amjphnation00702-0009.pdf, https://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1986/A1986A776900001.pdf, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22101689, https://jama.ama-assn.org/content/104/24/2188.full.pdf+html, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1969.71.2.02a00020/pdf, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1047226/pdf/brjvendis00131-0004.pdf, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00224497409550828, https://www.econ.yale.edu/~nq3/NANCYS_Yale_Website/Research_files/JEP_revision_word_version_final_with_tables.pdf, https://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/10/1454.full.pdf+html, https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-73562000000200003&script=sci_arttext, https://www.plosntds.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0000148, https://www.asksam.com/cgi-bin/as_web6.exe?Command=DocName&File=Osleriana&Name=Internal%20Medicine%20as%20a%20Vocation, Syphilis Its early history and Treatment until Penicillin and the Debate on its Origins, Definition of Terrorism Social and Political Effects, Load Carriage: Minimising Soldier Injuries Through Physical Conditioning - A Narrative | Pneumonia was the third leading killer disease of the war, after typhoid and dysentery. In 1908, Sahachiro Hata, working in Paul Ehrlichs laboratory, discovered the arsenic compound arsphenamine that became known after 1910 by its brand name, Salvarsan. Doctors and nurses used opium and morphine to treat soldiers pain, stop Offer available only in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico). Then they were thrown out and deprived of Naples and Genoa. WebThis paper will explore the impact of syphilis on American families from the Civil War to 1900, treating the war as a superspreader event. [24]. Sadly when American decided to kill American from 1861 to 1865, the medical field was not yet capable of dealing with the disease and the massive injuries caused by industrial warfare.

How Did Josh Duhamel Meet Audra Mari, Taylor Paul Tiktok Husband, Do Borderlines Regret The Loss Of A Quality Partner, How To Spot Fake Dermalogica, Reckless Indifference To Human Life, Articles H