why did china become communist quizlet

Instead, he stayed at his military headquarters in Nanchang and began to rally anti-Communist elements in the KMT and NRA around him. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Marshall drew both sides into negotiations which would drag on for more than a year. 19271949 revolution establishing the People's Republic of China, This article is about political and social developments, and the origin and aftermath of the war. ), Zhang Shengfa, "Return of the Chinese Changchun Railway to China by the USSR." Focused on heavy industry, this commitment to industrializing continued with the Great Leap Forward. The period 1953-57, corresponding to the First Five-Year Plan, was the beginning of China's rapid industrialization, and it is still regarded as having been enormously successful. At Yalta, the Allies had agreed to recognize Russia's claims in the Far East in exchange for a Soviet declaration of war on Japan. Also, those young people in the Red Guard who suddenly had so much power were an unruly bunch, and central authorities did not really have control of them. According to William Blum, American aid included substantial amounts of mostly surplus military supplies, and loans were made to the KMT. The CCP also attempted to wear out the KMT forces as much as possible. He organized the "Red Guards," a militarized group of mostly teenagers. 8693, Patrick Fuliang Shan, Assessing Li Dazhao's Role in the New Cultural Movement, in. As a result, China experienced catastrophic famines that killed tens of millions of people. administration from charges of having lost China. For example, in Guangdong more than half the rural population owned no land at all. [133] However, under pressure from Chiang, Wang eventually purged Communists from his government and declared his loyalty to the right-wing government in Nanjing. Instead, America continued to recognize and supply the Nationalist Chinese government that had been established by Chiang Kai-shek on the island of Taiwan. Despite some disastrous policies, between 1949 and Mao's death in 1976, China's economy vastly improved. [40] On holidays, funerals, and other important events, landlords had the right to demand their tenants act as servants, reinforcing the social divide and engendering resentment from the peasants. For the preceding century, China had faced escalating social, economic, and political problems as a result of Western imperialism and the decline of the Qing Dynasty. They hoped to use them against the Communist army. Although the CCP did agree to allow members to join the KMT, it did not disband. [186], Meanwhile, military forces on all sides continued their maneuvers. Biden administration officials, like most of their recent predecessors, defensively deny that U.S. policy is to contain, hold down, or wage a new Cold War against China. ended the costly full-scale civil war between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) focusing entirely on Japan, while the Communists worked to strengthen their After the Japanese invaded This incident sparked outrage throughout China, culminating in the CantonHong Kong strike, which began on 18 June, and proved a fertile recruiting ground for the CCP. [216] By May 3, all Soviet troops had withdrawn, and fighting between local Communist and Nationalist forces had broken out in earnest. The start of China turning to communism. While pursuing this goal, the centre of gravity of communist policy shifted from the countryside to the city, but Chairman Mao Zedong insisted that the revolutionary vision forged in the rural struggle would continue to guide the party. [117] The Wuhan administration gradually drifted away from Chiang, becoming a center of leftist power and seeking to reassert civilian control over the military. [35], In the first decade of the twentieth century, young Chinese intellectuals such as Ma Junwu, Liang Qichao, and Zhao Bizhen were the first to translate and summarize socialist and Marxist ideas into Chinese. [142] With the help of the "28 Bolsheviks" (Chinese students studying Marxism at the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University), Xiang replaced Chen Duxiu as general secretary to the dismay of CCP leaders back in China. In the early 1900s, there was one image that kept popping up in Chinese newspapers and magazines: the melon. [2002] (2002). They fled to Jiangxi, where Mao Zedong had had considerable success in setting up the Chinese Soviet Republic. For a comprehensive outline of the origins, key events, and conclusion of the Cold War, click here. The exact beginning and end dates are debatable. War between GMD and CCP- lead to the Long march which the CCP won 4. [50] New Youth quickly became the most popular and widely distributed journal amongst the intelligentsia during this period. Forced faminesthe Holodomor in Ukraine and other parts of the Soviet Union, the so-called Great Leap Forward in China. The Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Armyofficially still part of the Nationalist NRA but in reality under independent Communist commandcounted between 1.2 and 1.27 million men. [15] Because no formal peace between the Republic of China and the People's Republic was ever negotiated, a formal conclusion to the civil war has never been reached. [205], During negotiations, Chiang's main offer was to move from the second stage of Sun Yat-Sen's stages of unification (KMT tutelage) to the third stage (constitutional government). Releases, Administrative In fact, Moscow continues to roll out and recycle some of the same disinformation and propaganda gambits it employed for the Soviet Union, such as its recent accusations of a U.S. biological warfare campaign in Ukraine. Great Leap Forward. The earliest possible date would be the end of the Second United Front in January 1941, when Nationalist forces ambushed and destroyed the New Fourth Army. Lexington books. [166] The temporary truce with the Nationalists also made it possible for the Communists to once again target the urban proletariat, a policy advocated by the "internationalist" faction of the party. Western hostility against the Peoples Republic of China, sharpened by the Korean War, contributed to the intensity of the ensuing Sino-Soviet relationship. The PLA finally captured for good the northern cities of Shenyang and Changchun and consolidated control of the Northeast. As the NRA advanced, workers in the cities organized themselves into left-leaning trade unions: in Wuhan, for example, more than 300,000 had joined trade unions by the end of the year. Didn't China have two already?don't worry. Modern Chinese Warfare, 17951989. Japanese surrender set the stage for the resurgence of civil war in China. The Australia, New Zealand and United States Security Treaty (ANZUS Treaty), Copyright Patrick Fuliang Shan, Local Revolution, Grassroots Mobilization and Wartime Power Shift to the Rise of Communism, in Xiaobing Li (ed. [24] Even in north China, where most peasants owned at least some land, the plots they owned were so small and infertile that they remained on the edge of starvation. [169] By 1946, Chinese industries operated at 20 percent capacity and had 25 percent of the output of pre-war China. published the China White Paper, which explained past U.S. policy toward China On 23 April they captured the KMT's capital, Nanjing. Here, Mao Zedong denounced the party leadership for its dogmatic adherence to urban revolution in the face of repeated defeats. The outbreak of the Korean War, Pomfret, John. establishment of the PRC; Chiang and his forces fled to Taiwan to regroup and abducted Chiang in 1937 and forced him to reconsider cooperation with the We must start by changing how our people and our partners perceive the Chinese Communist Party. Soong. [110][111] Mao predicted that: In a very short time, in China's central, southern and northern provinces, several hundred million peasants will rise like a mighty storm, like a hurricane, a force so swift and violent that no power, however great, will be able to hold it back. On 1 October 1949, Mao formally proclaimed the creation of the People's Republic of China. The leadership recognized that such compromises endangered their aim of perpetuating revolutionary values in an industrializing society, yet out of necessity they accepted the lower priority for communist revolutionary goals and a higher place for organizational control and enforced public order. Cartoon that depicts various world leaders using knives to divide up a pastry with the word China written on it. Mao introduced the campaign in the late 1950s to industrialize the countryside, usually with small-scale factories and workshops. The Korean War (article) | 1950s America | Khan Academy [147] The KMT government retreated to Canton (Guangzhou) until 15 October, Chongqing until 25 November, and then Chengdu before retreating to Taiwan on 7 December. 31-64. When the CCP proclaimed the Peoples Republic, most Chinese understood that the new leadership would be preoccupied with industrialization. What they urged was adequate U.S. military and economic aid to China, not American forces. In one of the most dramatic announcements of the Cold War, President Jimmy Carter states that as of January 1, 1979, the United States will formally recognize the communist Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and sever relations with Taiwan. Does this evidence suggest that China is an imperial power, today. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Reasons? In a series of speeches in 1949, Chairman Mao stated that his aim was to create a socialist society and, eventually, world communism. The rapid replacement of leadership enabled Chiang to effectively end civilian oversight of the military. The goal of the Marshall Mission was to bring both parties into a coalition government, with the hope that a strong, non-Communist China would act as a bulwark against the encroachment of the Soviet Union. Soviet aid to the KMT government would continue, as would co-operation with the CCP. Although the party survived the Long March, it had lost about 90% of its membership and was on the brink of destruction. History- Why did China become Communist? Flashcards | Quizlet [198] On the 26th, the CCP authorized army units and cadres to begin infiltrating the Manchurian countryside (a move tolerated by the Soviets). Vaughan, C. Edwin. Following the communist victory, a widespread urge to return to normality helped the new leadership restore the economy. The fall of mainland China to communism in 1949 led the United States to These objectives, he said, required transforming consumer cities into producer cities to set the basis on which the peoples political power could be consolidated. He advocated forming a four-class coalition of elements of the urban middle classthe petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisiewith workers and peasants, under the leadership of the CCP. Columbia University Press. Hurley. [34][35] Agricultural economist John Lossing Buck disagreed, arguing that landlords' return on investment was not especially high in comparison to the standard rates of interest in China at the time. Zhang, Chunhou. Chinese Communists joined with the 3 (1951): 256265. Russia and China are waging a propaganda war against the US why are An additional 1.8 to 2.68 million militia brought the total Communist forces to between 3 million and 4 million. At the same time as workers organized in the cities, peasants rose up across the countryside of Hunan and Hubei provinces, appropriating the land of the wealthy landowners, who were in many cases killed. It is only by taking the communists at their ideological word, treating their socialist utopia with literal-minded seriousness, that we can grasp the tragedy to which it led.In The Gulag Archipelago, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn writes that the imagination and inner strength of Shakespeares villains stopped short at ten or so cadavers. Scarecrow press. Manchuria in 1931, The Nuremberg Trial and the Tokyo War Crimes Trials (19451948). [70][71][72] The dozen delegates resolved to affiliate with the Communist International (Comintern), although the CCP would only formally become a member at its second congress. Current This was controversial because it conflicted with traditional party doctrine and the line endorsed by the Comintern. The most common date used, and the one used here, is the Proclamation of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949. already looking to the island province of Taiwan, off the coast of Fujian He also criticized Otto Braun's conventional tactics. The struggle led to hundreds of thousands, possibly millions, of deaths. 1 (Feb., 2000), pp. Nonetheless, the CCP's forces were still numerically inferior to the rest of the NRA, which excluding the Communists counted around 4 million regulars and 1 million militia in its ranks. Years of corruption and mismanagement had eroded popular [82] The SunJoffe Manifesto issued in January 1923 formalized cooperation between the KMT and the Soviet Union. Once in power, communist cadres could no longer condone what they had once sponsored, and inevitably they adopted a more rigid and bureaucratic attitude toward popular participation in politics. Soldiers are shown storming across a bridge with their guns drawn and hoisting each other up over the citys walls. Communist China joined North Korea in the war in November 1950, unleashing a massive Chinese ground attack against American forces. [176], The power of the CCP had grown considerably by the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War. [177] In the south, the New Fourth Army had recovered from the attempted massacre of its forces and established a serious Communist presence along the banks of the Yangtze.

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