pulmonary edema and covid vaccine

Res. Cough Reflex Testing with Inhaled Capsaicin and TRPV1 Activation in Asthma and Comorbid Conditions. The likelihood of hypertensive patients developing COVID-19, who were treated by ARBs, was reported to decrease by 76% (Yan et al., 2020). Structure and Hormone Responsiveness of the Gene Encoding the -Subunit of the Rat Amiloride-Sensitive Epithelial Sodium Channel. Eur. (2014). doi:10.1007/s43440-020-00132-z, Runfeng, L., Yunlong, H., Jicheng, H., Weiqi, P., Qinhai, M., Yongxia, S., et al. The stimulation of TRPA1 can cause coughing, hypersecretion of mucus, rapid shallow breathing as well as bronchoconstriction (Bessac and Jordt, 2008; Birrell et al., 2009), which, if persistent, may cause ARDS and other chronic diseases. The .gov means its official. Physiol. (2020). (2020). It has been revealed that COVID-19 patients treated with Lian-Hua-Qing-Wen capsules for 14days resulted in a considerably higher recovery rate of 91.5%, a dramatically shorter median time to symptom recovery of 7days than the control group, which applied conventional treatment (Hu et al., 2021). IL6 monoclonal antibody or tocilizumab was thought to work by interrupting inflammatory storm after the infection, but the latest clinical study published in NEJM showed that Tocilizumab was not effective in preventing intubation or death in mild hospitalized COVID-19 patients (Stone et al., 2020). MeSH Res. J. Pharmacol. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216382110, Staub, N. C. (1974). (2020). The condition presents itself as a slowly evolving pneumonia with insidious early onset interstitial pulmonary edema that undergoes acute exacerbation in the late stages and alveolar edema (Xu et al., 2020; Wiersinga et al., 2020). Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction, which is officially recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 patients as mentioned in the guideline issued by NHC (Trial 7th edition) (PRC, 2020), has an effective rate higher than 90% (2020) and can mediate the inflammatory storm induced by COVID-19 (Yang et al., 2020b), regulate the innate immune, cytokine activities (IL-17, NF-B, TNF etc. Am. (2005). Gut 69 (6), 10101018. What's the Link Between ARDS and COVID-19? - Health Res. TRP Functions in the Broncho-Pulmonary System. Chin. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00464.2004, Lung, J., Lin, Y. S., Yang, Y. H., Chou, Y. L., Shu, L. H., Cheng, Y. C., et al. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Other therapeutic options including organ support, glucocorticoid therapy, nutritional support have been applied to COVID-19 clinical treatment without much knowledge of their efficacy. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.10044, Lippi, G., South, A. M., and Henry, B. M. (2020). When to. Accumulation of HA can directly induce ARDS and pulmonary edema. COVID-19 vaccination may cause acute IPF exacerbation - Healio 11 (1), 65. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-11-65, Han, J., Li, H., Bhandari, S., Cao, F., Wang, X. Y., Tian, C., et al. 50 (4), 113. Clin. Chem. Res. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.09.009, Zhuo, X.-J., Hao, Y., Cao, F., Yan, S.-F., Li, H., Wang, Q., et al. 276 (22), 1865718664. Inhibiting the inflammatory storm can effectively alleviate pulmonary edema. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.53.37834, De Logu, F., Patacchini, R., Fontana, G., and Geppetti, P. (2016). Lung Consolidation: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment - Verywell Health Natl. 157, 104820. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104820, Yang, X., Yu, Y., Xu, J., Shu, H., Xia, J. a., Liu, H., et al. 318 (4), L723L741. DD&T 14 (5), 256258. We observed a case of a delayed local reaction in a 38-year-old woman who had received the first dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Liu Shen Capsule Shows Antiviral and Anti-inflammatory Abilities against Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 via Suppression of NF-b Signaling Pathway. (Engl) 133 (9), 10511056. 471 (4), 519532. (2020). Biol. doi:10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.3.L631, Perkins, G. D., McAuley, D. F., Thickett, D. R., and Gao, F. (2006). B., and Matthay, M. A. Lancet Respir. doi:10.3390/v4040557, Ho, T., Wu, S., Chen, J., Li, C., and Hsiang, C. (2007). Pathophysiology and incidence - Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is an extremely rare syndrome that can occur in individuals who received certain adenoviral-vectored coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. Calcium Antagonists and Their Mode of Action: an Historical Overview. COVID-19 and its Implications for Thrombosis and Anticoagulation. doi:10.3969/j.issn.10065725.2019.19.008, Rasaeifar, B., Gomez-Gutierrez, P., and Perez, J. J. Evidences for TRPs as medium of lung injury are emerging from studies on various inhalational chemical threats (Achanta and Jordt, 2020). 6, 331345. Epub 2020 Jun 20. Cell 181 (2), 281292. (1986). 97 (5), 543554. Proteoglycan Involvement during Development of Lesional Pulmonary Edema. Am. Since the inhibition of ENaC induces pulmonary edema formation, targeting ENaC is rational in order to enhance fluid clearance from the alveoli. JAMA 324 (5), 460470. Accessibility medRxiv. Ther. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted However, so far, no effective inhibitors have been developed against HAS2. Purpose To investigate pulmonary vascular abnormalities at CT pulmonary angiography (CT-PE) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. - Eur. Sci. Moreover, lower expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase promotes pulmonary edema, and when the expression of Na-K-ATPase 1- and 2-subunits decreases, maximal alveolar epithelial fluid clearance is reduced (Looney et al., 2005). The activities of the molecules in RAS are ruled by dynamic changes responding to an injury. As Towne et al., (2001) reported, AQP-5 expression significantly declined during pulmonary inflammation and edema, and TNF- decreased AQP5 mRNA and protein expression levels via TNFR1 and NF-B pathway (Towne et al., 2001). doi:10.1152/ajplung.00376.2005, Li, C., Wang, P., Li, M., Zheng, R., Chen, S., Liu, S., et al. COVID-19 Infection: the Perspectives on Immune Responses. Epub 2020 May 13. Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Review. It promotes the clearance of surplus fluid in alveoli and keeps alveolar space dry (Wittekindt and Dietl, 2019). TRPs in Tox: Involvement of Transient Receptor Potential-Channels in Chemical-Induced Organ Toxicity-A Structured Review. Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema. However, among all current treatments mentioned above, little attention has been paid to the abnormal humoral metabolism and pulmonary edema, which is a key factor threatening patients lives. (2020). 274 (53), 3783437839. Fatal Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in J. Pharmacol. (2020). doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775, Rogosnitzky, M., Okediji, P., and Koman, I. Thus, the relieve of pulmonary edema should be one of the critical concerns in terms of the treatment of COVID-19 patients. K+ Channels Regulate ENaC Expression via Changes in Promoter Activity and Control Fluid Clearance in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Sci. Existing drugs and inhibitors targeting the components of humoral metabolism may serve as potential treatments for COVID-19 and should be further investigated. Researches proved that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) as well as an engineered heart tissue (EHT), in cellular and organ level respectively, suggesting that the virus can replicate rapidly in the cardiomyocytes, infecting other cardiomyocytes, contributing to cardiomyocyte cell death, myocardial inflammation and even heart failure (Sharma et al., 2020; Bailey et al., 2021). 92 (9), 14231424. Cause of COVID-19 pulmonary edema. Biochim. The toad venom injection can significantly improve the pulmonary function of COVID-19 patients by regulating PaO2/FiO2 and ROX index and thus alleviate pulmonary edema. 1480 (1), 73103. Ann. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2014-0225OC, Yu, Q., Wang, D., Wen, X., Tang, X., Qi, D., He, J., et al. Am. Pharmacol. Physiol. Generalized Edema and Pseudothrombocytopenia After ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report Reports of side effects of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are increasing worldwide. Consequently, drugs that can normalize humoral metabolism should be clinically evaluated for their use in the treatment of COVID-19 patients (Table 1). This should ease some symptoms. eCollection 2023. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a crucial protease that catalyzes RNA replication from RNA templates and is an appealing therapeutic target. (2021). (2003). (2015). Pharmaceuticals 13 (9), 259. doi:10.3390/ph13090259, Ren, J.-l., Zhang, A.-H., and Wang, X.-J. Patients receive high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), non-invasive ventilation (NIV), mechanical ventilation or ECMO as respiratory supports (Guo et al., 2020; Pascarella et al., 2020), a crystalloid fluid to ensure body fluid equilibrium (Christ-Crain et al., 2020), and anticoagulants for restraining the thrombus formation to aid in circulatory support (Connors and Levy, 2020). doi:10.1073/pnas.96.5.2514, Chow, Y.-H., Wang, Y., Plumb, J., O'Brodovich, H., and Hu, J. Crit. Physiol. Several cases of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia from a similar viral vector vaccine (Oxford-AstraZeneca [ChAdOx1 nCoV-19]) have been reported. Clinical Course and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a Single-Centered, Retrospective, Observational Study. Rev. Pulmonary edema is the disequilibrium between formation and reflux of lung tissue fluid leading to the absorption of massive tissue fluid by lung lymph and vein failure. Currently, these symptoms are the primary consequences of pulmonary virus infection. doi:10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30123-7, Zhang, D., Zhang, B., Lv, J.-T., Sa, R.-N., Zhang, X.-M., and Lin, Z.-J. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.002, Chen, S.-y., Bhargava, A., Mastroberardino, L., Meijer, O. C., Wang, J., Buse, P., et al. Res. Some patients also have leucopenia and lymphopenia, suggesting a weak immune function, and high prothrombin time and D-dimer level, indicating abnormal blood clotting function (Wang et al., 2020), which can all lead to lung damage and the severer pulmonary edema. Role of Drugs Used for Chronic Disease Management on Susceptibility and Severity of COVID19: A Large CaseControl Study. 383 (19), 18131826. JAMA 324 (8), 782793. Its active absorption of Na+ is the main driving force of fluid clearance at birth and alveolar fluid absorption at adult stage (Bardou et al., 2012). Moreover, the constituent Ephedra can trigger bronchodilation, relieve breathing disorders and alleviate pulmonary edema (Zhang et al., 2018). Pharmacol. 161, 105290. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105290, Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Shao, C., Huang, J., Gan, J., Huang, X., et al. KCa3.1 (1-EBIO) and KATP (minoxidil) channel openers can greatly recover AFC in mice intratracheally administrated verapamil, which is the first generation of the phenylalkylamine class of calcium channel antagonists (Fleckenstein, 1977; Nayler and Dillon, 1986), suggesting that K+ channel openers might be potential drugs for treating pulmonary edema (Han et al., 2010). 2023 Feb 14;14:1080962. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1080962. Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Review. Involvement of Lung Interstitial Proteoglycans in Development of Hydraulic- and Elastase-Induced Edema. doi:10.1007/s00018-007-6228-6, Itani, O. Crit. S1 facilitates virus infection by binding to host receptors, and S2 regulates the membranes fusion to enable viral RNA entering into host cells for further replication. Resolving D1 (Wang et al., 2014), generated from -3 fatty docosahexaenoic acids, and ursodeoxycholic acid (Niu et al., 2019) can stimulate AFC and Na-K-ATPase in LPS-induced pulmonary edema via alveolar epithelial sodium channel and ALX/cAMP/PI3K pathway, respectively. doi:10.3109/08923973.2014.968256, Jiang, Y.-x., Dai, Z.-l., Zhang, X.-p., Zhao, W., Huang, Q., and Gao, L.-k. (2015). It shows the vaccine is teaching your body's immune system how to protect itself from the disease. 33, 258269. Xue-Bi-Jing injection may act in COVID-19 by anti-inflammatory, anticoagulation, immune regulation, vascular endothelial protection, anti-oxidative stress and other mechanisms (Li et al., 2021). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 10.1007/s42399-020-00610-8 (2018). doi:10.1111/joim.13091, Passi, A., Negrini, D., Albertini, R., de Luca, G., and Miserocchi, G. (1998). Zhang J, Zhou N, Wang Y, Liu T, Cao Y, Feng W, Zheng X. doi:10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3, Shi, Z., Ye, W., Zhang, J., Zhang, F., Yu, D., Yu, H., et al. TABLE 3. (2021). Mohanty SK, Satapathy A, Naidu MM, Mukhopadhyay S, Sharma S, Barton LM, Stroberg E, Duval EJ, Pradhan D, Tzankov A, Parwani AV. Invest. COVID-19: Evaluation and management of adults with - UpToDate HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Aquaporins in the Lung. Authors (2018). 7 (4). Semin. Br. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. COVID-19: Long-term effects - Mayo Clinic J. Appl. A recent review has summarized the effects of TRPs in pulmonary chemical injuries, which includes the representative TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4 antagonists which have participated in preclinical and clinical studies (Achanta and Jordt, 2020) (Supplementary Tables S1S3). Arek Sarkissian. 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203894 2 (6), 387396.doi:10.1038/35077544, Connors, J. M., and Levy, J. H. (2020). The Study on the Treatment of Xuebijing Injection (XBJ) in Adults with Severe or Critical Corona Virus Disease 2019 and the Inhibitory Effect of XBJ against SARS-CoV-2. 2021 Jan;93(1):94-96. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26152. (2021). 157, 104882. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104882, Zhang, H., and Baker, A. JACC: Basic Translational Sci. 21, 97S107S. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. JAMA 323 (11), 10611069. Among all vaccine recipients, 66.6% reported at least one systemic reaction in the 7 days after vaccination. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Semin. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Biochim. However, palpable lymphadenopathy commonly involving the axilla as an immune response to vaccination may present a clinical diagnostic dilemma especially in persons with . HA is degraded by hyaluronidases encoded by HYAL1 and HYAL2, whose activity depends on CD44, an HA receptor (Harada and Takahashi, 2007). Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Pulmonary Chemical Injuries and as Countermeasure Targets. (2010). (2020e). COVID-DSNet: A novel deep convolutional neural network for detection of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) cases from CT and Chest X-Ray images. Am. Santos JLF, Zanardi P, Alo V, Dos Santos V, Bovone L, Rodriguez M, Magdaleno F, De Langhe V, Villoldo A, Martinez Souvielle R, Alconcher J, Quiros D, Milicchio C, Garcia Saiz E. J Clin Med. Clin. SODIUM CHANNELS IN ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL CELLS: Molecular Characterization, Biophysical Properties, and Physiological Significance. doi:10.1126/science.abb2507, Xu, X., Chen, P., Wang, J., Feng, J., Zhou, H., Li, X., et al. Received: 05 February 2021; Accepted: 25 May 2021;Published: 07 June 2021. Generalized Edema and Pseudothrombocytopenia After ChAdOx1 - PubMed One day before symptom onset, he had received a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Polymodal Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 Nocisensor. Cel Rep. Med. 532 (1), 4. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03640-2, Heald-Sargent, T., and Gallagher, T. (2012). The Potential Chemical Structure of antiSARSCoV2 RNAdependent RNA Polymerase. Res. Physiol. Am. Open Forum Infect. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12839, Wittekindt, O. H., and Dietl, P. (2019). Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Italy. It is worth mentioning that, except alveoli, which is widely known as the target tissue, cardiomyocyte can be infected as well. (2009). Am. Sci. These in turn, lead to severe lung damage in COVID-19 patients. Molecular Features of Non-selective Small Molecule Antagonists of the Bradykinin Receptors. (2016). J. Med. J. Huazhong Univ. AQP-5 plays a significant role in pulmonary edema and decreased expression of AQP-5 has been observed during the disease process. doi:10.5114/pdia.2013.37040, Cui, M., Gosu, V., Basith, S., Hong, S., and Choi, S. (2016). Mol. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! TRPV4, expressed in alveolar type I, type II cells and alveolar capillary endothelial cells, has been considered as a crucial regulator of alveolo-capillary barrier integrity (Alvarez et al., 2006; Yin et al., 2008; Goldenberg et al., 2015; Yin et al., 2016). The -Agonist Lung Injury Trial (Balti). Physiol. 308 (11), L1178L1188. Care 21 (1), 305. doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1882-z, Zhang, H., Kang, Z., Gong, H., Xu, D., Wang, J., Li, Z., et al. Efficacy and Safety of Lianhuaqingwen Capsules, a Repurposed Chinese Herb, in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Respir. Negative-feedback Loop Attenuates Hydrostatic Lung Edema via a cGMP-dependent Regulation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4. Atractylenolide-I, the active component of atractylodes, could minimize the formation of IL-6 and TNF- (Ji et al., 2014), inhibiting the generation of inflammatory cytokines causing inflammatory response, thus lowering the possibility of developing pulmonary edema. doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.20038935, Yang, R., Liu, H., Bai, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Guo, R., et al. Epub 2022 Oct 17. (2006) reported that the cryptotanshinone in Salvia miltiorrhiz can inhibit the synthesis of cGMP and NO in vein endothelial cells, activate NO/cGMP pathway and improve the blood circulation. J. Cel Mol Med 24 (8), 47364747. These channels are important in maintaining the optimum volume and ion constitution of bronchial periciliary fluid and alveolar lining fluid layers, which are necessary in appropriate pathogens mucociliary clearance and optimum gas exchange, respectively (Londino et al., 2017). 2020 Jun 1;318(6):L1239-L1243. Care Med. Pulmonary edema secondary to congestive heart failure RAS plays a significant role in ARDS as well as pulmonary edema processes. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. COVID-19 mortality is primarily driven by abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism of the lung, leading to fluid accumulation in the alveolar airspace. Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration. J. Respir. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped RNA coronavirus of the genus , and is the seventh coronavirus which can infect human (Xu et al., 2020). Bradykinin (BK) is an important cellular mediator that causes vasodilatation and leaky blood vessels, leading to vascular leakage and edema (de Maat et al., 2020). COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis: A Systemic Review and - PubMed In addition, potassium channels can act as oxygen sensors in alveolar epithelium and thus adjust lung function to environmental changes in O2 levels (Bartoszewski et al., 2017). Am. (2013). Pharmacol. (2020). Recombinant Human ACE2: Acing Out Angiotensin II in ARDS Therapy. SSRN. doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30076-x, Yan, H., Valdes, A. M., Vijay, A., Wang, S., Liang, L., Yang, S., et al. Moreover, other drugs which can regulate immune system like hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin may also show effects in treating SARS-COV-2-induced pulmonary edema and their effectiveness in treating SARS-COV-2 infections should be further investigated. (2011). Pathological Findings of COVID-19 Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Sodium transport is the main ion transport involved in the AFC. CD44-dependent Intracellular and Extracellular Catabolism of Hyaluronic Acid by Hyaluronidase-1 and -2. (2012). doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.2007787510.1002/cpt.2047, Yan, R., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Xia, L., Guo, Y., and Zhou, Q. Res. As such, TRPV4 inhibition likely has protective and beneficial effect on mucus clearance and pulmonary edema. IFN will continually induce inflammatory cytokines released by alveolar macrophages, promoting the activation of T cells and forming a positive feedback loop that drives persistent alveolar inflammation (Grant et al., 2021). 10.1101/2020.02.13.20022673 Since pulmonary edema can be promoted by decreased expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase (Woods et al., 2015), drugs or compounds which activate the sodium channel and Na-K-ATPase may be putative therapeutics. 108 (6), 11851194. Virol. TRPV4: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Potential in Respiratory Diseases. (2020b). (2020). Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. The general regulation approaches of AFC. HA is a polysaccharide existing in most connective tissues which can trap approximately 1,000 times its weight in water and form hydrogel. (2020b). Cmp 6 (1), 1327. J. Med. Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. 2020. Medicines 16 (11), 811828. Available: https://covid19.who.int/ (Accessed March 31, 2021). Circulation 96 (6), 18471852. Immunol. Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Pulmonary Edema in COVID19-A Neural Hypothesis - PubMed Physiol. (2020). However, it is still unclear how the vaccination will proceed and how fast can vaccinations be done. Toxin means various pathogenic microorganism and inflammatory storm presenting in infected patients, and dampness means the abnormal humoral metabolism like inflammatory exudation. The Role of Proteoglycans in Pulmonaryedema Development. Pharmacol. Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Among the currently pursued therapeutic strategies against COVID-19, little attention has been paid to abnormal lung humoral metabolism. An Orally Active TRPV4 Channel Blocker Prevents and Resolves Pulmonary Edema Induced by Heart Failure. Moreover, as a retrospective multicenter cohort study reported, early treatment with Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction associated with better outcomes, faster recovery, and a shorter duration of hospital stay (Shi et al., 2020a). What are the vaccines' side effects? - Mayo Clinic Qu, G. J. Influenza Virus Inhibits Amiloride-Sensitive Na+ Channels in Respiratory Epithelia. Tumor Necrosis Factor- Inhibits Aquaporin 5 Expression in Mouse Lung Epithelial Cells. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. As of Sunday, at least 16,183 people had filed complaints with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that they'd developed tinnitus, or ringing in their ears, after receiving a Covid vaccine. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Ann. Chem. Cell Death Differ 27 (5), 14511454. 2 3 Postauthorisation reports of severe reactions, including anaphylaxis, have been extremely rare, occurring in only 4.5 reported cases per million doses. Rev. Abstract Background Severe cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a . 192 (8), 37653777. Physiol. Consequently, the use of bradykinin antagonists is supposed to be regarded as a strategy for COVID-19 treatment interventions. Front. An official website of the United States government. Front Pharmacol. J. Ethnopharmacology 265, 113301. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113301, Li, F. (2016). Sci. Can COVID-19 cause pulmonary embolism? The spike (S) protein of coronavirus, one of the surface glycoproteins, is divided into two functional units, S1 and S2. Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19: Explained by Bradykinin?. J. Clin. Coronavirus; Race and Medicine . Nonetheless, little attention has been paid to CD44 in COVID-19 treatment. (2020). Currently, these manifestations are considered to be only consequences of pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Delayed Large Local Reactions to mRNA Vaccines | NEJM Here, we describe molecular mechanisms of PFC and propose that proteins functioning in this process might serve as an underappreciated, but yet promising targets for reducing lung edema in severe COVID-19 patients. Recently, several companies came out with vaccines against COVID-19 which have been approved for use. (2020). Int. Acta (Bba) - Gen. (2019). (2020d). Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome following COVID-19 virus infection doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320953, Zhang, J.-L., Zhuo, X.-J., Lin, J., Luo, L.-C., Ying, W.-Y., Xie, X., et al. Med Res 7 (1), 11. doi:10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0, Han, D.-Y., Nie, H.-G., Gu, X., Nayak, R. C., Su, X.-F., Fu, J., et al. FIGURE 5. Blood 135 (23), 20332040. Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2. 2, 26372646. (2019). Sci. Am. 110 (25), E2308E2316. doi:10.1111/jcmm.15146, Harada, H., and Takahashi, M. (2007). (2020). doi:10.1136/bmj.m1432, Fleckenstein, A. Convalescent plasma have been initially shown to be beneficial for COVID-19 patients with severe infection stabilizing the immune system (Shen et al., 2020), but the subsequent randomized controlled trial did not show significant improvement within 28days (Li et al., 2020). It is known that SARS-CoV-2 invades human cells by binding angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor and other membrane ectopeptidases (Xu et al., 2020). 12:664349. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.664349. The Serum and Glucocorticoid Kinase Sgk Increases the Abundance of Epithelial Sodium Channels in the Plasma Membrane of Xenopus Oocytes. 274 (18), 1243112437. Abdullah H., Heaney L. G., Cosby S. L., McGarvey L. P. A. JAMA 323 (20), 20522059. (2018). (2020). doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.20029975, Yin, J., Hoffmann, J., Kaestle, S. M., Neye, N., Wang, L., Baeurle, J., et al. Is Amiloride a Promising Cardiovascular Medication to Persist in the COVID-19 Crisis?. (1997). Before Aldosterone-induced Sgk1 Relieves Dot1a-Af9-Mediated Transcriptional Repression of Epithelial Na+ Channel . J. Clin. Electrolyte Imbalances in Patients with Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). HA is synthesized by HAS2. Med. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 36 (6), 420425. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4783, Shi, N., Liu, B., Liang, N., Ma, Y., Ge, Y., Yi, H., et al. (2017). doi:10.1038/s12276-018-0075-4, Zwaveling, S., Gerth van Wijk, R., and Karim, F. (2020). COVID-19 can cause lung complications such as pneumonia and, in the most severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS . 96 (5), 25142519. Symptoms that are common to all of these conditions include cough and shortness of breath. A., and Cook, D. I. Inhibition of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 impairs the hydrolysis of des-arg9-bradykinin. The Liu Shen capsule, of which pharmacodynamic component is also toad venom, was shown to have antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, as it can inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells, reduce inflammatory cytokines production at the mRNA levels and suppress the NF-B signaling pathway to downregulate the expression of cytokines (Ma et al., 2020a).

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