e1b1a in the levant

Eur J Hum Genet 21, 423429 (2013). [13][14], At Xaro, in Botswana, there were two individuals, dated to the Early Iron Age (1400 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1a and L3e1a2, and another carried haplogroups E1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-CTS10880) and L0k1a2. E1b1a (also known as E-M2) forms part of the E-V38 haplogroup found on the human Y chromosome - making it a paternally inherited clade. Iranic tribes, La Tne Celts, Romans, Goths, Slavs). At present the most consistent explanation is that E-V13 developed from E-M78 in Central or Eastern Europe during the Neolithic period, and was assimilated by the R1a and R1b Proto-Indo-Europeans around the time that they were leaving the Pontic Steppe to invade the rest of Europe. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. However, because each is, in effect, a single linked locus, interpreting observed differences among groups must be undertaken with a high level of caution. Google Scholar. [19] Human leukocyte antigen alleles further confirm that the individuals were of Sub-Saharan African origin. This branch split from E1b1b during the late glacial period, approximately 14,000 years ago. Montano et al. Pereira L, Macaulay V, Torroni A, Scozzari R, Prata MJ, Amorim A : Prehistoric and historic traces in the mtDNA of Mozambique: insights into the Bantu expansions and the slave trade. Y-DNA Haplogroup E: E1b1b and E1b1a - Your DNA Guide Tanya M Simms 2011, The Peopling of the Bahamas: A Phylogeographical (2021) indicates that Ramesses III and Unknown Man E, possibly Pentawere, carried haplogroup E1b1a. It is likely that most E-V13 in the Middle East is ultimately of Greek or Roman origin, although some might have come with Bronze Age Indo-European migrations via Iran. de Filippo C, Barbieri C, Whitten M et al. The M81 clade is defined by 150 other mutations beside M81 itself. Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern do you know whether the hp E1b1a was ever found in ancient Levant? E-V38 joins the West African-affiliated E-M2 and the Northeast African-affiliated E-M329 with an earlier common ancestor who, like E-P2, may have also originated in East Africa. [25] Zimbu was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5497 and L3e1e. But the history of the region is so complex that there might be many separate branches of E-V13 that each came with a different invasion (e.g. Mutation rates at Y chromosome specific microsatellites. We conclude that analysis of NRY in 43 widely distributed population groups from across sub-Saharan Africa provides evidence of multiple expansions from West Africa along the western and eastern routes and a late specifically eastern expansion at some time during the past two millennia during a period in which male-mediated gene flow from East-Central to West-Central Africa does not appear to have taken place, at least to any significant extent. Of course, the TMRCA is only an estimate and could vary by a few centuries. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. In 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. Distribution of haplogroup E1b1b in Europe, the Near East and North Africa. Castri L, Tofanelli S, Garagnani P et al. In this scenario, M81 could have been the lineage of Carthaginian kings, or of a particularly prolific aristocratic familiy during the Carthaginian Republic. Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P et al. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Where Did Haplogroup E1b1b Originate and Expand From? E-M2 is found at low to moderate frequencies in North Africa, and Northeast Africa. Decker et al (2013) reported that Iberian and Italian cattle possess introgression from African taurine, which could imply that cattle were not just domesticated in West Asia, but also independently in North Africa. Due to the scarcity of full genomic sequences available from the Balkans, it is not yet clear when E-V13 expanded in that region. [25] Isi was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L3e2a. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. Therefore this lineage could actually have emerged a few centuries earlier, during the Phoenician/Carthaginian period. The making of the African mtDNA landscape. The Goths settled over all the Italian peninsula. The haplogroup E1b1a8, defined by U175, has a TMRCA of only 18632163 YBP but a geographic distribution, excepting the Anuak of Ethiopia, which is equally extensive as that of E1b1a7. Although it is generally accepted that the EBSP has its origin in the so-called Bantu Homeland situated in the area of the border between Nigeria and the Grassfields of Cameroon, and that it followed both western and eastern routes, much less is known about the number and dates of those expansions, if more than one. The basal E-U175* is extremely rare. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65: 829846. In whichever scenario, it is clear that M81 benefited from a potent founder effect in the Maghreb, a region that was first dominated by the Carthaginian elite, but quickly became one of the favourite regions of residence for the Roman elite within the empire (along with Spain, France and Greece). [25] Ganda was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5612 and L1c1c. Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S : Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. In this study, we analysed unique event polymorphism and short tandem repeat variation in non-recombining Y-chromosome haplogroups contained within the E1b1a haplogroup, which is exclusive to individuals of recent African ancestry, in a large, geographically widely distributed, set of sub-Saharan Africans (groups=43, n=2757), all of whom, except one Nilo-Saharan-speaking group, spoke a Niger-Congo language and most a Bantu tongue. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website, Ansari Pour, N., Plaster, C. & Bradman, N. Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern expansion of the Bantu-speaking people. 194, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 11:37, Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups, Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world, Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa, "The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages", "Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent", "Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Haplotypes Reveal Single Origin of the Sickle Allele during the Holocene Wet Phase", "A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms", "Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades 2010", "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective", "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes", "The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations", "Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa", "Supplementary Materials for Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa", "Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study", "Insights from ancient DNA analysis of Egyptian human mummies: clues to disease and kinship", "Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa", "Supplementary Materials for Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa", "Origin and Health Status of First-Generation Africans from Early Colonial Mexico", "Disentangling the Impact of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in African Diaspora Populations from a Genomic Perspective", "Multidisciplinary investigation reveals an individual of West African origin buried in a Portuguese Mesolithic shell midden four centuries ago", "Supplementary Materials for The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years", "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years, TablesS1-S5", "Materials/Methods, Supplementary Text, Tables, Figures, and/or References", "Community-engaged ancient DNA project reveals diverse origins of 18th-century African descendants in Charleston, South Carolina", "Evolutionary history of sickle-cell mutation: implications for global genetic medicine", "Recent Adaptive Acquisition by African Rainforest Hunter-Gatherers of the Late Pleistocene Sickle-Cell Mutation Suggests Past Differences in Malaria Exposure", "Sickle -globin haplotypes among patients with sickle cell anemia in Basra, Iraq: A cross-sectional study", "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations", "A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes", "Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny", "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel", "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean", "On the origins and admixture of Malagasy: new evidence from high-resolution analyses of paternal and maternal lineages", "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males", "High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula", "Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa", "Ancestral Asian source(s) of new world Y-chromosome founder haplotypes", "A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa", "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography", "The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula", "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions", "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman", "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan", "Sub-populations within the major European and African derived haplogroups R1b3 and E3a are differentiated by previously phylogenetically undefined Y-SNPs", "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba", "Colloquium paper: genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture among Hispanic/Latino populations", "Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: insights into the history of Niger-Congo groups", "Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria", "Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations", "A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing", "The imprint of the Slave Trade in an African American population: mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosome and HTLV-1 analysis in the Noir Marron of French Guiana", "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree", "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania", "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity", "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages", "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes", "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_E-M2&oldid=1139298274, M2, DYS271/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189.1, P293.1, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 11:37. [5] The downstream SNP E-M180 may have originated in the humid south-central Saharan savanna/grassland of North Africa between 14,000 BP and 10,000 BP. Archaeological evidence suggests that the early expansion of proto-Bantu speakers was associated with pre-Iron Age farming technology and did not involve smelting metals.3 The first evidence of metallurgy south of the Sahara was found at Nok in Nigeria and is dated to no earlier than 2500 YBP.10 Therefore, it is possible that with the aid of the new technology, further expansions may have occurred after the first dispersal of farmers. Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of Niger-Congo groups. It would be unthinkable that over 1,500 years of Hellenisation and Byzantine rule in Anatolia and the Levant didn't leave any genetic trace. 1973) might belong to haplogroup E-V13. E1b1b lineages are closely linked to the diffusion of Afroasiatic languages. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 125129. It would then have spread to Greece and Italy alongside haplogroup J2a1 and T1a-P77. [21], In Granada, a Muslim (Moor) of the Cordoba Caliphate,[22] who was of haplogroups E1b1a1 and H1+16189,[23][24] as well as estimated to date between 900 CE and 1000 CE, and a Morisco,[22] who was of haplogroup L2e1,[23][24] as well as estimated to date between 1500 CE and 1600 CE, were both found to be of West African (i.e., Gambian) and Iberian descent. All modern carriers of this lineage descend from a common ancestor who lived only 1,200 years ago, and all are Ashkenazi Jews. Pakendorf et al7 identify and provide evidence of greater complexity in the process of the EBSP as suggested by Alves et al33 and Montano et al.34. 1926), an English broadcaster and naturalist at the BBC explained in the Tree of Life how the Attenboroughs belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. E-M34 lineages experienced a much more dramatic expansion during the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) period. Even within Britain it is found mainly in Wales, a region known to have served as a refuge for the Romano-British population during the Anglo-Saxon invasions. [13][14], Hawass et al. E-M123 originated some 19,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age Its place of origin is uncertain, but it was probably in the Red Sea region, somewhere between the southern Levant and Ethiopia. The third are the Goths. Haplogroup E-M2 - Wikipedia Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973), the 36th President of the United States, was identified as a member of haplogroup E1b1b1 through the Johnson/Johnston/Johnstone DNA Surname Project. In doing so, we assume (a) that the NRY has a genealogy that, at least in that part of the genealogical tree analysed in this paper, can be unambiguously constructed using UEP polymorphisms47 (Figure 2) and (b) ASD is a measure of STR diversity that increases linearly over time and that calculating ASD from the common ancestor of a random sample of NRY that are members of a haplogroup provides an estimate of the TMRCA.43 Consistent with previous studies, we observed a high frequency modal of six-STR NRY haplotype (DYS19, 388, 390, 391, 392, 393:151221101113) throughout the area of the EBSP.26, 35, 36 Interpreting the frequencies of the component haplogroups of E1b1a within the context of their geographic distribution and TMRCA values throws additional light on the expansions associated with the EBSP. Marieke van de Loosdrecht et al. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 265268. E-M2 is primarily distributed within sub-Saharan Africa. M81 would first have spread with the Carthaginian elite, then once they were defeated by the Romans and annexed to the empire, their descendants would have been free to migrate to various parts of the empire from North Africa, Sicily, Sardinia and Iberia, some eventually reaching France and Britain. Jobling MA, Hurles ME, Tyler-Smith C : Human Evolutionary Genetics: Origins. A few isolated occurrences of E-M2 have also been observed among populations in Southern Europe, such as Croatia, Malta, Spain and Portugal.[49][50][51][52]. Z830, M310.1's brother clade, is almost exclusively Middle Eastern. Group-based pharmacogenetic prediction: is it feasible and do current NHS England ethnic classifications provide appropriate data? Slider with three articles shown per slide. [30] Three South Africans tested positive for this marker. It is not clear at present whether they expanded beyond the Near East during the Neolithic period, but they might have been part of the Neolithic expansion to North Africa and Iberia alongside haplogroups T1a and/or R1b-V88. [5] In Eritrea and most of Ethiopia (excluding the Anuak), E-V38 is usually found in the form of E-M329, which is autochthonous, while E-M2 generally indicates Bantu migratory origins. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009; 140: 302311. [59] It has also been observed in a number of populations in Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America among people of African descent. Subsequently, the expansion is thought to have continued along the south-eastern coast (East-Bantu route).5 In an alternative model, the split came later after passage through the rain forest.3, 4 The Bantu language family is distributed throughout most of sub-equatorial Africa and is the continents largest, both in terms of the numbers of individuals speaking it and its geographic spread.2, 6, 7 This level of linguistic homogeneity among geographically distant populations across sub-Saharan Africa supports the suggestion of rapid expansion. (2010) found U175 in tested Annang (45.3%), Ibibio (37%), Efik (33.3%), and Igbo (25.3%) but did not test for U209. [25] Tima was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L3e1e. mtDNA variability in two Bantu-speaking populations (Shona and Hutu) from Eastern Africa: implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub-Saharan Africa. Hammer MF : A recent common ancestry for human Y chromosomes. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Neparczki et al. L576 gave rise to a deeper subclade of M180/P88, P182, L88.3, L86, and PAGES0006. It is interesting to speculate on the possibility that this later expansion was associated with the contemporaneous development of metallurgy. Our analysis of NRY from groups over a wide geographic area is consistent with both these conclusions. E1b1a and E1b1b are PN2 clade lineages. E1b1a1a1 is commonly defined by M180/P88. F1382 appears to have expanded during the Iron Age from the Levant to the Arabian peninsula, where it is almost exclusively found today. Hamitic origin of Haplogroup E | Forum - ProBoards All haplogroups within E1b1a were observed in the Bantu Homeland, West-Central Africa, East Africa and Ghana, whereas haplogroup E1b1a8a1a, although present in the Bantu Homeland and East Africa, was not observed in either Ghana or West-Central Africa. His DNA was compared to modern carriers of the same surname. Mol Biol Evol 2004; 21: 16731682. E1b1a is also known as E-M2 and E1b1b is also know as E-M215 or as E-M35. Nevertheless, many lineages now found among the Ethiopians and Somalians appear to have come from the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. The major finding of these studies was that genetic distances (FST) among all EBSP groups are much less than the average FST among West-African and Nilo-Saharan groups, indicating a considerable level of homogeneity among EBSP groups. This is a remarkably fast expansion that would have required a male line of considerable wealth and influence within the Roman Republic/Empire, and therefore probably a family of rich patricians or even a Roman emperor, not necessarily of Roman descent himself. Nature 1998; 394: 138140. Distribution of haplogroup E-M81 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. A good example is represented by some lineages internal to the E1b1a-M2 haplogroup, such as E1b1a-M10 and E1b1a-V5280, which are observed mainly in the Sahelian groups (D'Atanasio et al. [10][11][12], At Taukome, in Botswana, an individual, dated to the Early Iron Age (1100 BP), carried haplogroups E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123) and L0d3b1. CTS1096 split into three subclades around 7,500 to 7,000 years ago, a period that corresponds to the advent of the Copper Age around modern Kurdistan. Although sampling in most NRY studies of sub-Saharan Africa has, in the past, been quite limited in terms of geographic coverage and sample sizes, the distribution of this haplogroup is relatively well described in groups living along both the postulated western and eastern routes of the EBSP, as well as in Senegal29 and Cameroon27, 30 in West Africa. Since then, this marker (now defining the E1b1a haplogroup) has been typed in many groups across sub-Saharan Africa19, 26, 27, 28 and, without exception, all studies have shown that the majority of NRY types in Bantu-speaking groups belong to this haplogroup. Also downstream of CTS1096, the Y14891 and Z21018 clades are typically found among people of Jewish ancestry, while PF6391 and Z21421 are found in the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan) and the Arabian peninsula. In just a few centuries, that very minor E-V13 lineage had started an expansion process that would turn it into one of Europe's most widespread paternal lineages and reach far beyond the borders of Europe itself, also spreading to the eastern edge of the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Kurdistan, Iran, and even Siberia. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[30]. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. The genetic data are thus in broad agreement with analysis based on linguistic studies, which suggests that the spread of Bantu languages is the consequence of successive dispersals and that a single large-scale migration by Bantu speakers is unlikely.3 It is also consistent with suggestions that differences between eastern and western Bantu languages are a consequence of expansion patterns.3 This interpretation suggests the absence of substantial male-mediated gene flow from East-Central Africa to West-Central Africa during the past millennium, because had it occurred, it would be expected that examples of haplogroup E1b1a8a1a would have been observed in the Congolese groups included in this study. The merits of this hypothesis is that it would explain why M81 is so much more common in the Maghreb, and particularly in Tunisia, than in Italy today. Nowadays, the highest genetic diversity of haplogroup E1b1b is observed in Northeast Africa, especially in Ethiopia and Somalia, which also have the monopoly of older and rarer branches like M281, V6 or V92. 5% (2/37) of the town Singa-Rimab, Burkina Faso tested positive for E-M58. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73: 768779. Naser Ansari Pour. 1923 - pictured), who won two Academy Awards for Gandhi in 1983. volume21,pages 423429 (2013)Cite this article. The small presence of E-V13 in the Near East could be better explained by the extremely long Greek presence in the eastern Mediterranean from the time of Alexander the Great until the end of the Byzantine domination over the region during the Middle Ages. Salas A, Richards M, De la FT et al. Sephardic Dominicans - Results | FamilyTreeDNA Abingdon: Garland Science, 2004. Comparisons made without including data sets from South Africa and Mozambique, so as to exclude the possibility of admixture between western and eastern Bantu-speaking expansions in the southern extremity of the continent, remain significant for both presence/absence of E1b1a8a1a in data sets and for frequency of the haplogroup (P<0.01). Article Ronny Decorte, a geneticist from the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, tested relatives of Adolf Hitler and determined that the Frher belonged to haplogroup E1b1b. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 975979. Underhill PA, Jin L, Lin AA et al.

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